Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 213 > Midterm 1 Review > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Basic research:

A

The goal is to understand the world and its phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Applied research:

A

The goal is to develop a solution to a problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

Studies behaviour to understand the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neuroscience

A

Studies the physical brain and connects it to the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Computational modeling

A

Builds models of the mind-brain
relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Plato Rationalism

A

Knowledge is the result of prior reasoning and observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Aristotle Empricism

A

All knowledge comes from experience/observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Wilhem Wundt Structuralism

A

Understands the structure of the mind by identifying the basic building blocks to explain how they give rise to more complex cognitive processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

William James Functionalism

A

Understands the function(s) of the mind. Assumes that the mind is constantly changing and adapting to changing contexts and goals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Behaviorism

A

Psychology can be objectively studied through observations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cognitive revolution

A

The importance of internal mental states is now recognized, but also
acknowledges that rigorous scientific methods must be used to study
them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Information processing view:

A

The mind and brain as an information processor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dualism

A

views the mind and brain as separate entities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Monism

A

views the mind and brain as the same entity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dualism - Interactionalism

A

The mind and brain are separate substances that interact and influence each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dualism - Epiphenomenalism

A

The mind is a by-product of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Monism - Physicalism/Materialism:

A

All reality is the result of physical
processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Monism - Idealism:

A

All reality is a mental construct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Monism - Neutral monism:

A

Reality is neither physical nor mental; Mind and brain are composed of the same neutral substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Behavioural measurements in humans

A

Behavioural experiments to measures voluntary response to a
stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Behavioural neuroscience using animal models

A

Causal link between brain and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cognitive neuroscience - Neuropsychological cases

A

Studying differences in cognition and behaviour by comparing brain-injured patients vs. healthy participants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neuroimaging techniques

A

EEG, MRI, Brain stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

EEG

A

Records electrical activity of the brain via electrodes affixed to the
scalp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

MRI

A

Non-invasive imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues in your
body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Structural MRI

A

Images of anatomical brain structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Functional MRI

A

Images of metabolic activity in the brain by measuring blood flow, which we assume to reflect neural activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Brain stimulation

A

Non-invasive method of altering brain activity to inhibit or increase
behaviour or cognitive process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
(TMS):

A

Focal magnetic field that induces temporary change in brain
activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sensation

A

Conversion of the physical properties of our environment or body into neural code (by the peripheral nervous system).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Perception

A

Processing and interpretation of the
sensory information into a form that is useful for behavioural decisions/actions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Interoceptive Sensations

A

Proprioception, Nociception, Equilibrioception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Proprioception.

A

Sense of where our limbs are
in space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Nociception.

A

Sense of pain due to body
damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Equilibrioception.

A

Sense of balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Exteroceptive sensations

A

Vision, Audition, Touch, Taste, Smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Vision/Sight.

A

Light entering the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Audition/Hearing.

A

Vibrations in the air
entering ear canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Touch.

A

Pressure, heat, vibrations on skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Gustation/Taste.

A

Chemical compounds in
mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Olfaction/Smell.

A

Chemical compounds in nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Eye

A

where the transduction of light into neural code occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Retina

A

Made up of multiple layers of receptors. Final layer consists of light-sensitive receptors called photoreceptors.

44
Q

photoreceptors

A

convert light energy into neural code

45
Q

Rods.

A

Low resolution (low light levels)

46
Q

Cones.

A

High resolution (detailed coloured vision)

47
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Axons of ganglion cells leave the eye.
Creates a blind spot on the retina.

48
Q

Blindspot

A

Area with no photoreceptors where the optic nerve is leaving the eye through the retina.

49
Q

Fovea

A

Part of the retina with a higher concentration of cone receptors (centre of your visual field, most
detailed vision).

50
Q

Ventral Pathway (What):

A

Shape, size, details of objects

51
Q

Dorsal Pathway (Where):

A

Location, space, movement information

52
Q

Area V1 responds to

A

specific visual attributes such as Edges, Angles, Colour, Light

53
Q

Blindsights

A

Cortical blindness (no explicit perception of objects) but unconscious (implicit) perception.

54
Q

Dorsal Pathway: Akinetopsia.

A

Visual motion blindness; difficulty in perceiving motion.

55
Q

Dorsal Pathway: Optic Ataxia.

A

Difficulty in reaching for objects (but can name them).

56
Q

Ventral Pathway: Semantic (Visual) Agnosia.

A

Difficulty in recognizing daily objects (Damage to LOC).

57
Q

Ventral Pathway: Prosopagnosia.

A

Difficulty in recognizing individual faces (Damage to FFA)

58
Q

Ear

A

where the transduction of sound waves into neural code occurs

59
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

Strip of tissue inside the cochlea that contains the hair cells that transduce
sound.

60
Q

Tonotopic Membrane

A

Special arrangement of neural
structures (hair cells) in which locations are organized based on the frequency of sound they encode

61
Q

Olfactory bulb.

A

Specialized brain structure that filters
and relays olfactory signals to other subcortical brain structures (amygdala, hippocampus).

62
Q

The chemical receptors are located on the

A

olfactory epithelium.

63
Q

Signals are sent to the
brainstem and then

A

the primary gustatory cortex.

64
Q

5 types of taste receptors:

A

Sweet, sour, salty, savoury, bitter.

65
Q

Cortical Homunculus

A

Spatially organized map of the human body, contained within the somatosensory cortex, that processes touch information.

Different body parts have larger or smaller representations based
on the density of tactile sensory receptors contained within them.

66
Q

Bottom Up processing

A

Influence of information from external environment on perception (unidirectional).

67
Q

Top Up processing

A

Influence of knowledge (expectations, context, goals) on perception (bidirectional).

68
Q

Constructivist model of Perception

A

According to this theory, perceptual processing is your brain’s attempt to
construct a mental model of the external world based on sensory input (using top-down processing).

69
Q

Visual Grouping

A

Gestalt Principles

70
Q

Direct Perception

A

According to this theory, perceptual processing is based on the relationship between sensory stimuli and a person’s actions

71
Q

Feature matching theory.

A

Visual input is broken down into individual parts and each feature is processed separately.

72
Q

Template matching theory.

A

Matching an incoming stimulus to a stored representation in memory.

73
Q

Prototype theory.

A

Matching an incoming stimulus to an average representation stored in memory.

74
Q

Endogenous/Top-down attention

A

Voluntary attention
● Uses the Frontal Eye Fields (FEF), Intraparietal sulcus (IPs, IPL)

75
Q

Exogenous/Bottom-up attention

A

Guided purely on external stimuli
■ Loud bang, bright light, siren
● Uses the temporoparietal junction & VPS

76
Q

Arousal

A

Measure of how alert you are

77
Q

Spatial Neglect

A

Damage to the right hemisphere
● Cannot attend to information on the contralateral side (left side)
● NOT a deficit of visual processing, and can occur in different
modalities

78
Q

Top-Down Attention: Sustained attention

A

○ Focus on something for an extended period of time

79
Q

Top-Down Attention:Divided attention

A

○ Multitasking

80
Q

Top-Down Attention: Selective attention

A

○ Ignore irrelevant information

81
Q

Dichotic Listening Task

A

A way to measure selective attention
● Evidence FOR early selection model

82
Q

Selective Attention

A

limited capacity to process information, prioritize

83
Q

Late Selection Model

A

Interference at the level of meaning
○ Example: stroop task

84
Q

Load Theory

A

Attentional filtering can occur at different levels of processing

85
Q

Low load task:

A

Unattended information is filtered out based on meaning because of leftover resources (Late filter)

86
Q

High load task:

A

Unattended information is filtered out based on perception because task uses up more resources (Early filter)

87
Q

change blindness

A

The failure to detect changes in stimuli, flicker technique paradigm

88
Q

in-attentional blindness

A

Not noticing something new in your attentional focus

89
Q

Activating attention

A

Attention serves to prepare us to process information located in a ‘spotlight’ of space and ignore what is
outside of that space

90
Q

Feature Integration

A

Attention is necessary to integrate features of objects into a unified whole

91
Q

Embodied Attention

A

Eye movements detect visual attentional goals

92
Q

Overt visual attention

A

attending to something with your eye movements

93
Q

Covert visual attention

A

attending to something without eye movements

94
Q

Attentional Capture

A

Attentional capture happens to information that is important for survival. Adaptive for this information to be automatically processed

95
Q

What kind of stimuli captures one’s attention

A

Fearful stimuli
Personally relevant stimuli
Addicting stimuli

96
Q

Mental Imagery

A

Our ability to mentally recreate perceptual experience in the absence of sensory stimuli

97
Q

Dual Coding Theory

A

Human knowledge is represented in two separate systems:

98
Q

Non-verbal: Modality-specific

A

Based on the sensory information, Images resemble what they stand for

99
Q

Verbal: Symbolic system

A

Information does not resemble what it stands for.

100
Q

Descriptive Processing (Pylyshyn)

A

Argues that knowledge is represented propositionally

101
Q

Depictive Processing (Kosslyn)

A

Preserve perceptual and spatial information

102
Q

Mental Scanning

A

Takes longer to visualize mentally travelling to landmarks further apart from one another

103
Q

Mental Rotation

A

Takes longer to mentally rotate images that have further rotations
than not

104
Q

Mental Scaling

A

Realistic scaling when imagining things

105
Q

Damage to a specific area can lead to

A

deficits in 1+ cognitive processes

106
Q

fusiform face area (FFA) and parahippocampal place area
(PPA)

A

are similar in both perception and visual imagery tasks

107
Q

Concrete words (easily visualized words) are able to be remembered

A

better than abstract words (less visualizable words)

PSYC 213 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions