How to Study Cognition

Question 1

Functionalism

Answer 1

asks why the mind works, Believed that consciousness is personal, ‘usefulness of knowledge’

Question 1

Structuralism

Answer 1

Identifying the basic building blocks of the complex thoughts or the conscious experience

Question 2

Behaviourism and cognitive psychology

Answer 2

Focusing on only observation actions to accepting thought processes

Question 3

Rationalism

Answer 3

knowledge is the result of
observation & prior reasoning

Question 4

Empiricism

Answer 4

All knowledge comes from
experience

Question 5

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 5

Founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research and practiced Structuralism

Question 6

Behaviourism

Answer 6

Focused on what can be observed (input, output)

Question 7

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

Answer 7

Learning by making associations between cue, a stimuli and the
natural response

Question 8

Instrumental Learning (Thorndike) and Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

Answer 8

Behaviour is contingent on a schedule of reinforcements, rewards and punishments
* Rewards encourage behaviors
* Punishment reduce behaviors

Question 9

The more uncertain something is

Answer 9

the longer it will take it to process

Question 10

William Hick (1952)

Answer 10

Light Flashing Experiments (Uncertainty of Information)

Question 11

Decision Fatigue

Answer 11

limited amount of cognitive
processing , making decisions tries us out

Question 12

Dualism

Answer 12

the mind and brain are separate entities that are equally important

Question 13

Monism

Answer 13

the mind and brain are the same; Only one entity exists

Question 14

Dualism: Interactionism

Answer 14

The mind and brain interact to induce
events in each other (we have a soul)

Question 15

Rene Descartes (early 1600’s)

Answer 15

The pineal gland is this “principal seat of the soul”

Question 16

Dualism: Epiphenomenalism

Answer 16

One way interaction: Mental thoughts (mind) are caused by physical events (brain), but thoughts do not affect physical events

Question 17

Monism: Idealism

Answer 17

all reality is a mental construct, physical and mental

Question 18

Neutral Monism

Answer 18

the underlying nature is not mental or physical
but something else, something neutral

Question 19

Monism: Materialism

Answer 19

all reality is the result of physical processes

Question 20

Brain Top

Answer 20

Dorsal

Question 21

Brain Bottom

Answer 21

Ventral

Question 22

Brain Front

Answer 22

Rostal/Anterio

Question 23

Brain Back

Answer 23

Caudal/Posterior

Question 24

Neurons

Answer 24

Specialized cells that receive and transmit information

Question 25

Nerves

Answer 25

Bundle axons that carry information long distances between neurons

Question 26

Glial glue Cells

Answer 26

Support cells for neurons

Question 27

Central Nervous System

Answer 27

Brain and spinal cord; Voluntary and cognition

Question 28

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 28

Outside the brain and spinal cord
(body); Involuntary actions

Question 29

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 29

Signals from brain to end organs; Voluntary control of muscle and senses

Question 30

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 30

Up- and down-regulates involuntary bodily functions; Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Question 31

Phrenology: Gall and Spurzheim (late 1700s)

Answer 31

Parts of the brain correspond to mental functions and personality (brain grow/lessen based on use)

Question 32

Functional localization / specialization

Answer 32

Specific places of your brain are used for specific things

Question 33

Corpus callosum

Answer 33

Connection between the two hemispheres

Question 34

EEG

Answer 34

Electroencephalography

Question 35

fMRI

Answer 35

functional (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Question 36

Brain stimulation techniques

Answer 36

TMS