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Histology > MIDTERM 1 PART 2 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 PART 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Major function of the nucleus

A

Contains and replicates DNA

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2
Q

simple squamous epithelium function

A

mediators of filtration and diffusion

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3
Q

Apocrine location

A

Mammary gland, genital, axillary, and anal sweat glands

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4
Q

What is the importance of cytoplasm?

A

Houses organelles and is the site for physiological processes

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5
Q

Serous gland composition

A

Protein (RER and RNA)

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6
Q

What are some transport mechanisms that use the cell membrane?

A

Diffusion, osmosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, endocytosis, & exocytosis

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7
Q

What is the appearance of microvilli?

A

Apical extensions of the cell membrane

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8
Q

What are the non-membranous organelles?

A

Cytoskeletal elements, ribosomes, and centrioles

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9
Q

Major function of peroxisomes

A

Degrades peroxide to water and oxygen

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10
Q

Which organelles are visible only by light microscopy?

A

Cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

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11
Q

Which organelles are seen only with the EM?

A

All other organelles not seen in a light microscope

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12
Q

What structure is associated with terminal bars?

A

Cilia

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13
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium function

A

Hold up against constant abrasion

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14
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium location

A

Skin and integumentary structures

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15
Q

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium location

A

Linings opened to the outside, like the mouth, urethra, vagina, and anus

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16
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium (location)

A

Ducts of sweat glands; rare

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17
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium (location)

A

Conjunctiva of eye and large salivary ducts; rare

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18
Q

Glandular epithelium function

A

Produce and package secretions

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19
Q

Two types of product glands

A

Serous and mucous

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20
Q

Mucous gland composition

A

Mucous (goblet cells)

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21
Q

Seromucous tissue is commonly found in

A

Salivary glands

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22
Q

Steroid/Lipid secreting cell locations

A

Testes, adrenal glands, sebaecous glands

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23
Q

Three types of secretion glands

A

Merocrine/Eccrine, apocrine, and holocrine

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24
Q

Merocrine/Eccrine gland secretion

A

Granules leave the cell by exocytosis

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25
Q

Merocrine/Eccrine location

A

Sweat glands, exocrine, and pancreas

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26
Q

Apocrine gland secretion

A

Product is expelled with some cytoplasm

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27
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Whole cell is expelled with the product

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28
Q

Holocrine location

A

Sebaceous gland (hair)

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29
Q

Fibrocyte

A

Quiescent fibroblast

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30
Q

Mast cell derivation

A

Basophil

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31
Q

Plasma cell derivation

A

B-lymphocytes

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32
Q

Collagen fibrils are arranged

A

outside the cell

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33
Q

What is elastin deposited on?

A

A scaffold of a glycoprotein called fibrillin

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34
Q

Name of fibrillin form found in dermis of skin, mesenteries, etc

A

Fibrillar

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35
Q

Name of fibrillin form found in larger arteries

A

Nonfibrillar

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36
Q

Ehrlers Danlos Syndrome

A

Super stretchy CT

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37
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Weak bone

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38
Q

Regular dense CT

A

Collagen arranged linearly

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39
Q

Irregular dense CT

A

Collagen arranged haphazardly

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40
Q

Location of unilocular tissue

A

Everywhere except eyelids, penis, scrotum, and helix of ear

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41
Q

Thermogenic cell type in adipose tissue

A

Multilocular (brown tissue)

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42
Q

What stage of life is multilocular tissue most predominant?

A

Newborns

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43
Q

Elastic tissue is also known as

A

Areolar tissue

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44
Q

Elastic tissue locations

A

Ligamentum flava, suspensory ligament of penis, and tunica of large arteries

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45
Q

Ultimate stem cell for all things CT

A

Mesenchymal tissue

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46
Q

Location of mucous tissue

A

Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord and nucleus pulposus of IVD

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47
Q

Function of chondroblasts

A

Manufacture the matrix

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48
Q

Location of chondrocytes

A

Bone lacunae

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49
Q

Chondrocytes form

A

Isogenous groups

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50
Q

Matrix of cartilage is

A

Collagen type II

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51
Q

What binds chondrocytes to the matrix?

A

Glycoprotein called chondronectin

52
Q

Perichondrium is absent in

A

Articular hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage

53
Q

What is interstitial cartilage growth?

A

Mitotic division of pre-existing chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage

54
Q

What is appositional cartilage growth?

A

Differentiation of chondrocytes from perichondrium

55
Q

Location of elastic cartilage

A

Auricle, walls of external meatus and eustachian tube, epiglottis, and parts of larynx

56
Q

Location of fibrocartilage

A

IVD

57
Q

IVD pattern

A

Herringbone

58
Q

An Osteoid is

A

Non-mineralized

59
Q

Osteoblasts synthesize what type of collagen?

A

Collagen type I

60
Q

Where are osteoblasts located?

A

Surface of bone tissue, appear cuboidal

61
Q

Osteoclast location

A

Howship’s lacunae

62
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Layers surrounding a Haversion canal that contain blood vessels

63
Q

Outer circumferential lamella

A

Lamella beneath the periosteum

64
Q

Inner circumferential lamella

A

Lamella around the marrow cavity

65
Q

Interstitial lamella

A

Irregular lamella between osteons (broken down osteons)

66
Q

Spongy bone forms into

A

Spicules trabecula

67
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Found in hair, skin, and nails. Function in anchoring, abrasion, and water loss.

68
Q

Two cell components that are vast in muscle cells

A

Mitochondria and nuclei

69
Q

Entire muscle is covered by what CT?

A

Epimysium

70
Q

CT that separates muscle fascicles

A

Perimysium

71
Q

CT surrounding each muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

72
Q

What is responsible for muscle striations?

A

Myofilaments (Actin and Myosin)

73
Q

Sarcomeres run

A

Z line to Z line

74
Q

What types of muscle tissue are sarcomeres found?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

75
Q

3 binding sites on globular head

A

Actine, ATP, and Enzyme

76
Q

If the triad is at the Z line, what type of muscle tissue is it?

A

Cardiac

77
Q

If the triad is at the A-I junction, what type of muscle tissue is it?

A

Skeletal

78
Q

2 parts of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Longitudinal tubules and T-tubules

79
Q

Innervation of skeletal muscle occurs at the

A

Neuromuscular junction

80
Q

What is a muscle spindle?

A

Proprioceptor found in all skeletal muscle

81
Q

Function of muscle spindle

A

Detects changes in the length of the skeletal muscle fibers and relays info to the spinal cord

82
Q

What is a golgi tendon organ?

A

Structure that is found in tendons where they insert into muscle fibers

83
Q

Function of a golgi tendon organ

A

detects transitional differences in the tendon that will elicit reflexes

84
Q

2 types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

Type I: Slow twitch

Type II: Fast twitch

85
Q

3 parts of intercolated disc

A

Fascia adherens, macula adherens, and gap junctions

86
Q

What part of intercolated disc allows for syncytium?

A

Gap junctions

87
Q

Key feature that differentiates smooth muscle from other muscle tissue types

A

Large nuclei

88
Q

Location of smooth muscle

A

Every organ except the heart

89
Q

What modulates activity of smooth muscle?

A

Autonomic nerves

90
Q

What is the calcium binding protein in smooth muscle?

A

Calmodulin

91
Q

3 things smooth muscle can synthesize

A

collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans

92
Q

Neural tube gives rise to

A

CNS

93
Q

Neural crest gives rise to

A

PNS

94
Q

Notochord gives rise to

A

Spine and spinal column

95
Q

3 features that composes nerve tissue

A

Neuron, supporting cells, and extensive vasculature

96
Q

Types of cells in CNS

A

Neuroglia or glial cells

97
Q

Types of cells in PNS

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

98
Q

Nissl bodies are an abundance of

A

RER

99
Q

3 parts of the nerve cell

A

Cell body, dendrites, and axon

100
Q

“Spines” on dendrites

A

Gemmules

101
Q

Membrane of an axon (name)

A

Axolemma

102
Q

Cytoplasm of axon (name)

A

Axoplasm

103
Q

4 types of glial cells

A

fibrous astrocytes, protoplasmic astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes

104
Q

Nodes of ranvier function and location

A

Speeds up impulse between myelin, Looks like 4 leaf clover

105
Q

Astrocyte function

A

control ionic and chemical environment around neurons

106
Q

Type of protein found in astrocytes that reinforces their structure

A

Glial fibrillary acid protein

107
Q

2 forms of strocytes

A

fibrous and protoplasmic

108
Q

Fibrous astrocyte location

A

White matter

109
Q

Protoplasmic astrocyte location

A

Gray matter

110
Q

Microglia function

A

Phagocytosis

111
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Cuboidal cells that line cavities in the brain

112
Q

Internodal segment

A

Myelin in between 2 nodes

113
Q

Schmidt-Lantermann clefts

A

Evidence of initial wrap, look like “cat woman” eyes

114
Q

CT outside every axon

A

endoneurium

115
Q

CT surrounding nerve fascicles

A

Perineurium

116
Q

CT around nerve

A

Epineurium

117
Q

3 structures in CNS

A

Gray matter of the cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, and spinal cord

118
Q

How many layers in cerebral cortex?

A

6

119
Q

Neuropil contents

A

cell bodies associated with axons, dendrites, and glia

120
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Specialized cells found in cerebral cortex

121
Q

Cerebral cortex layers

A

1: molecular
2: external granular
3: external pyramidal
4: internal granular
5: internal pyramidal
6: multiform

122
Q

How many layers in the cerebellar cortex?

A

3

123
Q

Purkinje cells

A

Specialized cells found in cerebellar cortex

124
Q

Cerebellar cortex layers

A

1: molecular
2: purkinje cell
3: granule cell

125
Q

3 structures in PNS

A

Peripheral nerves, dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia

Histology (9 decks)

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