MIDTERM 1 PART 2 Flashcards by Vince Perrino

Major function of the nucleus

Contains and replicates DNA

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simple squamous epithelium function

mediators of filtration and diffusion

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Apocrine location

Mammary gland, genital, axillary, and anal sweat glands

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What is the importance of cytoplasm?

Houses organelles and is the site for physiological processes

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Serous gland composition

Protein (RER and RNA)

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What are some transport mechanisms that use the cell membrane?

Diffusion, osmosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, endocytosis, & exocytosis

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What is the appearance of microvilli?

Apical extensions of the cell membrane

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What are the non-membranous organelles?

Cytoskeletal elements, ribosomes, and centrioles

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Major function of peroxisomes

Degrades peroxide to water and oxygen

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Which organelles are visible only by light microscopy?

Cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

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Which organelles are seen only with the EM?

All other organelles not seen in a light microscope

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What structure is associated with terminal bars?

Cilia

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Stratified squamous epithelium function

Hold up against constant abrasion

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Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium location

Skin and integumentary structures

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Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium location

Linings opened to the outside, like the mouth, urethra, vagina, and anus

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Stratified cuboidal epithelium (location)

Ducts of sweat glands; rare

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Stratified columnar epithelium (location)

Conjunctiva of eye and large salivary ducts; rare

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Glandular epithelium function

Produce and package secretions

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Two types of product glands

Serous and mucous

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Mucous gland composition

Mucous (goblet cells)

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Seromucous tissue is commonly found in

Salivary glands

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Steroid/Lipid secreting cell locations

Testes, adrenal glands, sebaecous glands

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Three types of secretion glands

Merocrine/Eccrine, apocrine, and holocrine

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Merocrine/Eccrine gland secretion

Granules leave the cell by exocytosis

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Merocrine/Eccrine location

Sweat glands, exocrine, and pancreas

Apocrine gland secretion

Product is expelled with some cytoplasm

Holocrine secretion

Whole cell is expelled with the product

Holocrine location

Sebaceous gland (hair)

Fibrocyte

Quiescent fibroblast

Mast cell derivation

Basophil

Plasma cell derivation

B-lymphocytes

Collagen fibrils are arranged

outside the cell

What is elastin deposited on?

A scaffold of a glycoprotein called fibrillin

Name of fibrillin form found in dermis of skin, mesenteries, etc

Fibrillar

Name of fibrillin form found in larger arteries

Nonfibrillar

Ehrlers Danlos Syndrome

Super stretchy CT

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Weak bone

Regular dense CT

Collagen arranged linearly

Irregular dense CT

Collagen arranged haphazardly

Location of unilocular tissue

Everywhere except eyelids, penis, scrotum, and helix of ear

Thermogenic cell type in adipose tissue

Multilocular (brown tissue)

What stage of life is multilocular tissue most predominant?

Newborns

Elastic tissue is also known as

Areolar tissue

Elastic tissue locations

Ligamentum flava, suspensory ligament of penis, and tunica of large arteries

Ultimate stem cell for all things CT

Mesenchymal tissue

Location of mucous tissue

Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord and nucleus pulposus of IVD

Function of chondroblasts

Manufacture the matrix

Location of chondrocytes

Bone lacunae

Chondrocytes form

Isogenous groups

Matrix of cartilage is

Collagen type II

What binds chondrocytes to the matrix?

Glycoprotein called chondronectin

Perichondrium is absent in

Articular hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage

What is interstitial cartilage growth?

Mitotic division of pre-existing chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage

What is appositional cartilage growth?

Differentiation of chondrocytes from perichondrium

Location of elastic cartilage

Auricle, walls of external meatus and eustachian tube, epiglottis, and parts of larynx

Location of fibrocartilage

IVD

IVD pattern

Herringbone

An Osteoid is

Non-mineralized

Osteoblasts synthesize what type of collagen?

Collagen type I

Where are osteoblasts located?

Surface of bone tissue, appear cuboidal

Osteoclast location

Howship's lacunae

What are lamellae?

Layers surrounding a Haversion canal that contain blood vessels

Outer circumferential lamella

Lamella beneath the periosteum

Inner circumferential lamella

Lamella around the marrow cavity

Interstitial lamella

Irregular lamella between osteons (broken down osteons)

Spongy bone forms into

Spicules trabecula

What are intermediate filaments?

Found in hair, skin, and nails. Function in anchoring, abrasion, and water loss.

Two cell components that are vast in muscle cells

Mitochondria and nuclei

Entire muscle is covered by what CT?

Epimysium

CT that separates muscle fascicles

Perimysium

CT surrounding each muscle fiber

Endomysium

What is responsible for muscle striations?

Myofilaments (Actin and Myosin)

Sarcomeres run

Z line to Z line

What types of muscle tissue are sarcomeres found?

Skeletal and cardiac

3 binding sites on globular head

Actine, ATP, and Enzyme

If the triad is at the Z line, what type of muscle tissue is it?

Cardiac

If the triad is at the A-I junction, what type of muscle tissue is it?

Skeletal

2 parts of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Longitudinal tubules and T-tubules

Innervation of skeletal muscle occurs at the

Neuromuscular junction

What is a muscle spindle?

Proprioceptor found in all skeletal muscle

Function of muscle spindle

Detects changes in the length of the skeletal muscle fibers and relays info to the spinal cord

What is a golgi tendon organ?

Structure that is found in tendons where they insert into muscle fibers

Function of a golgi tendon organ

detects transitional differences in the tendon that will elicit reflexes

2 types of skeletal muscle fibers

Type I: Slow twitch | Type II: Fast twitch

3 parts of intercolated disc

Fascia adherens, macula adherens, and gap junctions

What part of intercolated disc allows for syncytium?

Gap junctions

Key feature that differentiates smooth muscle from other muscle tissue types

Large nuclei

Location of smooth muscle

Every organ except the heart

What modulates activity of smooth muscle?

Autonomic nerves

What is the calcium binding protein in smooth muscle?

Calmodulin

3 things smooth muscle can synthesize

collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans

Neural tube gives rise to

CNS

Neural crest gives rise to

PNS

Notochord gives rise to

Spine and spinal column

3 features that composes nerve tissue

Neuron, supporting cells, and extensive vasculature

Types of cells in CNS

Neuroglia or glial cells

Types of cells in PNS

Schwann cells and satellite cells

Nissl bodies are an abundance of

RER

3 parts of the nerve cell

Cell body, dendrites, and axon

"Spines" on dendrites

Gemmules

Membrane of an axon (name)

Axolemma

Cytoplasm of axon (name)

Axoplasm

4 types of glial cells

fibrous astrocytes, protoplasmic astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes

Nodes of ranvier function and location

Speeds up impulse between myelin, Looks like 4 leaf clover

Astrocyte function

control ionic and chemical environment around neurons

Type of protein found in astrocytes that reinforces their structure

Glial fibrillary acid protein

2 forms of strocytes

fibrous and protoplasmic

Fibrous astrocyte location

White matter

Protoplasmic astrocyte location

Gray matter

Microglia function

Phagocytosis

What are ependymal cells?

Cuboidal cells that line cavities in the brain

Internodal segment

Myelin in between 2 nodes

Schmidt-Lantermann clefts

Evidence of initial wrap, look like "cat woman" eyes

CT outside every axon

endoneurium

CT surrounding nerve fascicles

Perineurium

CT around nerve

Epineurium

3 structures in CNS

Gray matter of the cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, and spinal cord

How many layers in cerebral cortex?

Neuropil contents

cell bodies associated with axons, dendrites, and glia

Pyramidal cells

Specialized cells found in cerebral cortex

Cerebral cortex layers

1: molecular 2: external granular 3: external pyramidal 4: internal granular 5: internal pyramidal 6: multiform

How many layers in the cerebellar cortex?

Purkinje cells

Specialized cells found in cerebellar cortex

Cerebellar cortex layers

1: molecular 2: purkinje cell 3: granule cell

3 structures in PNS

Peripheral nerves, dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia