FINAL - Endocrine System

Question 1

Name the 2 distinct regions of the Pituitary Gland?

Answer 1

1. Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary or Pars Distalis)

2. Neurohypophysis (Posterior Pituitary or Pars Nervosa)

Question 2

What are the 3 main cell types found in the Pars Distalis (Anterior Pituitary)?

Answer 2

1. Acidophils (yellow-pink)
2. Basophils (blue)
3. Chromophobes (no stain, may be progenitor cells or degranulated chromophils)

Question 3

Somatotropes make what hormone?

Answer 3

Growth Hormone

Question 4

What hormone do Mammotropes produce?

Answer 4

Prolactin

Question 5

Thyrotropes produce what hormone?

Answer 5

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Question 6

What Endocrine Gland is known as the “Master Gland”, regulating the secretory activities of all other Endocrines?

Answer 6

Pituitary Gland

Question 7

Adrenocorticotropic Hormones are produced by _________ ?

Answer 7

Corticotropes

Question 8

What 2 hormones are released from Pars Nervosa?

Answer 8

1. AntiDiuretic Hormone (ADH)

2. Oxytocin

Question 9

What is ADH? (hormone)

Answer 9

• AntiDiuretic Hormone, produced in the supraoptic nucleus

- Increases water permeability in kidney tubules

Question 10

What is Oxytocin?

Answer 10

• Produced in the paraventricular nucleus

- Allows for uterine muscle contraction and milk let down reflex

Question 11

Name 3-4 disorders of the Pituitary Gland?

Answer 11

-Acromegaly, Giantism, Dwarfism, Diabetes Insipidus

Question 12

The Pineal Gland is derived from where?

Answer 12

Epithalamus

Question 13

The parenchyma of the Pineal Gland consists of

star shaped ____________ ?

Answer 13

Pinealocytes

Question 14

Describe the stroma of the Pineal Gland (4 things)

Answer 14

• Reticular CT
• Fenestrated Capillaries
• Glial Cells
• Brain Sand

Question 15

Embryological Origin of the Thyroid Gland?

Answer 15

The Thyroid Gland originates as an endodermal pocket in the floor of the Pharynx

Question 16

Cellular arrangement of the Thyroid Gland?

Answer 16

Cells are arranged into follicles lined by cuboidal or columnar epithelium

Question 17

How do follicular cells produce MIT, TIT, and DIT?

Answer 17

Follicular cells uptake Iodine and couple it with the amino acid Tyrosine

Question 18

What thyroid hormone is stored in the follicle as the pink colloid?

Answer 18

Thyroglobulin

Question 19

The release and synthesis of thyroid hormone is governed

by ____________ from the Anterior Pituitary?

Answer 19

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Question 20

In the Thyroid Gland, __________ cells are found between follicles, which produce this hormone _____________ ?

Answer 20

C Cells , produce Calcitonin

Question 21

What does Calcitonin do, and what stimulates the release of it?

Answer 21

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by suppressing osteoclasts. Stimulation for release of Calcitonin is high blood calcium.

Question 22

What does Parathyroid Hormone do with regards to blood calcium?

Answer 22

PTH acts to raise blood calcium levels in response to hypocalcemia and increase osteoclast activity

Question 23

_____________ is what activates Vitamin D in the kidney

Answer 23

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Question 24

What is the significance of Prolactin?

Answer 24

Development of Mammary Glands and Lactation

Question 25

Acidophils are responsible for making what 2 hormones?

Answer 25

1. Growth Hormone | 2. Prolactin

Question 26

What does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone do?

Answer 26

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce its hormones

Question 27

What are the 2 types of Gonadotropic Stimulatory Hormones?

Answer 27

1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | 2. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Question 28

What is the function of Follicle Stimulating Hormone?

Answer 28

- Growth of Ovarian Follicles | - Spermatogenesis (male)

Question 29

Function of Luteinizing Hormone?

Answer 29

- Stimulates ovulation - Formation of Corpus Luteum - Testosterone Production (Male)

Question 30

The Zona Glomerulosa produces what?

Answer 30

- Produces Aldosterone (Sodium reabsorption) | - Only place in the body where we can get rid of Potassium

Question 31

The Zona Fasciculata produces what?

Answer 31

- Produces Glucocorticoids (Cortisol and Cortisone) - Convert protein to carbs - Accumulate Glycogen and raise blood glucose

Question 32

What do Glucocorticoids do?

Answer 32

Function to: - Convert protein to carbs - Accumulate Glycogen and raise blood glucose - Released in response to stress; too much suppresses the immune response

Question 33

Where are C Cells found?

Answer 33

Thyroid

Question 34

What hormone do Pinealocytes produce?

Answer 34

Melatonin