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Psych 115 > Midterm 1 - Neuroanatomy, Blood Supply, MCDB, CNS, PNS, CNs > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Neuroanatomy, Blood Supply, MCDB, CNS, PNS, CNs Flashcards

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1
Q

Sectioning the Brain

(Image)

A
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2
Q

Directions and the Brain

A

Top of Brain - Dorsal (also the back)

Bottom of Brain - Ventral (also the belly)

Front - Rostral (anterior)

Back - Caudal (posterior)

Lateral - Towards side

Medial - Towards middle

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3
Q

Planes of the Brain

(Image)

A
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4
Q

Lobes of the Brain

(Image)

A
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5
Q

Sulcus vs. Fissure vs. Gyrus

A

Brain is gyrencephalic.

Sulcus

  • Groove

Fissure

  • Deep groove

Gyrus

  • Bump
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6
Q

Ventricles

(Image)

A
  • Lateral (2)
  • 3rd
  • 4th
    • Cerebral Acqueduct
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7
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • Thick bundle of axons that facilitates the transmission of information from one hemisphere to the other.
  • Connects like areas of brain.
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8
Q

CSF

A
  • Fills ventricles
  • Made by choroid plexus of each ventricle. The CP of each ventricle gets a blood supply and takes what it wants to make CSF (clear part of blood).
  • Drains to 4th ventricle where it becomes a part of the blood supply again.
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9
Q

Meninges in the CNS

A
  • Protective sheaths around brain and spinal cord.
  • Pia Mater - thin, delicate layer on top of brain
  • Arachnoid Layer - Hollow space where the blood vessels supply the brain with blood
  • Dura Mater (outermost) - Beneath skull; thick, tough
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10
Q

Meninges in the PNS

A

No arachnoid layer, just dura and pia.

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11
Q

What does blood carry to the brain?

A
  • Glucose
  • Oxygen

Brain is only 2% of body’s weight but uses 20% of body’s oxygen and 20% of body’s glucose.

7 min w/o oxygen and neurons begin to die.

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12
Q

Arteries Going to Brain

A
  • Carotid (2) - come off front of heart, go up front of spinal cord, go to front of brain
  • Vertebral (2) - come off heart and go up spinal cord, supplying blood to the back 1/2 of the brain (go thru hole in bottom of skull: “foramen magnum”).
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13
Q

Primary Vein Leaving Brain

A

Jugular (carries de-oxygenated blood away)

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14
Q

2 Ways Blood Supply to Brain Is Interrupted

A
  1. Stroke/CVA - Plaque in large artery breaks free and gets stuck in smaller branch (in brain).
  2. Anneurism - Outpouching of artery. Bursts and blood doesn’t get to the neurons it needs to get to.
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15
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Comprised of tight junctions of epithelial cells that make up the walls of arteries in the brain. Actually the lining of the arteries themselves.

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16
Q

MCDB

A

Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology

  • We start as a tube and develop from the inside out, forming 6 layers that become the brain.
  1. Proliferation of neural stem cells in SVZ
  2. Migrate to radial glia cells
  3. Differentiate as climb up radial glia
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17
Q

Encephalons

A

Tel, Di, Mes, Met, Myel: Become brain and spinal cord

  • Telencephalon - Forebrain; Lateral ventricles, cerebral cortex (F-POT), Basal Ganglia, Limbic; front part of brain; becomes brain proper
  • Diencephalon - Forebrain; 3rd ventricle, thalamus, hypothalamus
  • Mesecephalon - Midbrain, cerebral aqueduct, tectum, tegmentum
  • Metencephalon = Hindbrain; 4th ventricle; cerebellum, pons
  • Myelencephalon = Hindbrain, medulla
18
Q

Embryonic Brain Development

(Encephalons)

A
19
Q

Encephalons

(Image of Brain)

A
20
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Medulla (myelencephalon)
  • Pons (metencephalon)
  • Midbrain (mesencephalon)
21
Q

CNS

A
  • Brain + Spinal Cord
  • Encased in bone
22
Q

PNS

A
  • Cranial nerves (except for Optic II which is part of diencephalon tract)
  • Spinal Nerves
  • All nerves that come from your entire body

Somatic - Receives sensory info and controls movement of skeletal muscles

ANS

  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
23
Q

Cranial Nerves

(Overview Image)

A
24
Q

Cranial Nerves

(All 12)

A

O, O, O, Titty, Twat, Ass, Fuck, A, Girl’s, Vagina, Says, Hi

  1. Olfactory - Smell
  2. Optic - Vision
  3. Oculomotor - Eye movement
  4. Trochlear - Eye Movement
  5. Trigeminal - Jaw Movement
  6. Abducens - Eye Movement
  7. Facial - Face muscles
  8. Auditory - Hearing
  9. Glossopharyngeal - Muscles of throat and larynx
  10. Vagus - Internal Organs
  11. Spinal Accessory - Neck Muscles
  12. Hypoglossal
25
Q

Cranial Nerve

A

Nerve that emerges directly from brain.

Don’t go into spinal cord or thalamus.

26
Q

Brain

A

Cortex + Brain Stem

27
Q

Brain:

Gray Matter

v.

White Matter

A

Gray

  • Cell Bodies (outside)

White

  • Myelin (inside)
28
Q

Spinal Cord:

Gray Matter

v.

White Matter

A

White

  • Myelin (outside)

Gray

  • Cell bodies (inside)

Opposite of brain

29
Q

Afferent Axon

A

An axon directed toward the CNS, conveying sensory information

***Dorsal Root***

30
Q

Efferent Axon

A

An axon directed away from the CNS, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands

***Ventral Root***

31
Q

Law of Bell & Magendie

A

Segregation of Spinal Cord

  • Anything above the midline (dorsal portion of spinal cord) is info going to brain from the senses.
  • Anything below the midline (ventral portion of spinal cord) is info coming from the brain to the muscles.
32
Q

2 Types of Cells in CNS

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Glia
33
Q

Types of Glia Cells

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Schwan Cells
  3. Microglia
  4. Macroglia
  5. Astrocyte
34
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A
  • CNS
  • Big
  • Provide myelin
35
Q

Schwan Cell

A
  • PNS
  • Smaller than oligo
  • Provide myelin
36
Q

Substantia Gelatinosa

A
  • Junction of oligos & schwan
  • Entry to CNS (bacteria can get in)
  • Where PNS goes into spinal cord
37
Q

Microglia + Macroglia

A

Both involved in immune system in brain.

Eat things

38
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Starts of the nervous system
  • Support neural transmission
  • Store glucose (takes from arteries)
  • Store ions
  • Maintain balance of NTs at synpse by sucking up extra NT or supplying NT when there’s not enough
39
Q

Glia Cells

v.

Neurons

A

Glia Cells

  • Can proliferate out of control and form tumors (“glyomas”)
  • Can mutate

Neurons

  • Don’t divide
  • Once differentiated, stay a particular type of cell
  • Never form tumors
40
Q

Time Frame for Neuron Proliferation, Migration and Differentiation

A
  • Start in 2nd trimester and continues thru 2 yrs old
  • Neurons steadily die after age 2 and perhaps reach peak neuronal density before born
41
Q

Synaptic Plasticity

A

Brain can change.

A neuron’s ability to form new synapses with other neurons.

How you learn (a physical structure is created every time you learn)

42
Q

3 Things Affecting Brain Health

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Nutrition
  3. Sleep

Psych 115 (12 decks)

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