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Psych 115 > Final - Learning & Memory > Flashcards

Final - Learning & Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Hebb’s Rule: Learning and Memory in the Hippocampus

A

“Those that fire together, wire together”

When a synapse in repeatedly activated at about the same time that the postsynaptic neurons fire, changes will take place to strengthen that synapse.

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2
Q

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

A

A long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by a repeated high frequency activity of that input.

This is what is responsible for memory/learning.

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3
Q

Hippocampus

A

Critical in storing NEW memories.

Located in temporal lobe.

Case of HM - Bilateral Temporal Lobectomy done to treat a seizure disorder –> amnesia.

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4
Q

NMDA Receptors

A

Critical in the function of LTP in the hippocampus and are therefore critical in the memory storage process.

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5
Q

What type of receptors are NMDA & AMPA receptors?

A

Glutamate

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6
Q

Kam Kinase II

A

Enzyme involved in producing LTP.

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7
Q

Can nitric oxide (NO) be used by the nervous system as a messenger?

A

Yes

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8
Q

NaC

A

Located in the basal forebrain and receives dopaminergic input from the VTA and is involved in reinforcement and is sometimes referred to as the “pleasure center.”

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9
Q

What is the most common form of amnesia and what is it sometimes caused by?

A

Anterograde amnesia.

Removal of hippocampus.

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10
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

An effect of alcoholism caused by deficiencies in B vitamins resulting in neurodegeneration in the mamillary bodies and severe memory deficits.

Permanent anterograde amensia.

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11
Q

What is special about the neurons in the hippocampus?

How does this relate to seizures?

A

They have the lowest critical firing level of any place in the entire brain.

Seizures happen in the hippocampus because of this low critical firing level (seizures often start in the temporal lobe and spread to the rest of the brain).

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12
Q

What happens to a rat if lesion hippocampus?

A

Difficulty navigating mazes.

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13
Q

Hippocampus Cross Section

(Image)

A
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14
Q

Hippocampus: Subiculum

A

Receives input from the cortex.

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15
Q

Perforant Pathway

A

Travels through subiculum and perforates straight through the wall to the dentate gyrus. The granule cells of the dentate gyrus communicate with the pyramidal cells in Ammon’s Horn (CA1&CA3) –> Information to fornix

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16
Q

Hippocampus: Fornix

A

The freeway system through which information leaves the hippocampus and goes to other limbic structures (amygdala, mamillary bodies, NaC, anterior cingulate)

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17
Q

Tetanus/Tetanic Stimuli

A

Long train of stimuli quick in time.

Used in electrophysiology experiments.

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18
Q

Factors important to establishing LTP:

FIDO

A
  • Frequency
  • Intensity
  • Duration
  • Order
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19
Q

Frequency of Stimuli and LTP

A

FIDO

  • LTP won’t occur if stimuli are given slowly (even if you give the same amount of stimuli).
  • 3x3 Rule: If you’re trying to learn something, you want to study the new information at least 3x: 3 min, 3 hrs, 3 days.
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20
Q

Intensity and LTP

A

FIDO

  • Intensity matters (emotional intensity - e.g., remembering where you were when you heard about 9-11).
  • If you have a very strong emotional stimulus, you’re more likely to remember what comes after.
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21
Q

Duration and LTP

A

FIDO

  • Duration of stimulus matters
  • Need to keep things in memory.
  • E.g., Rehearsal to keep info in memory fresh/current
22
Q

Order and LTP

A

FIDO

  • You remember what comes after a strong stimulus.
  • Stimulus and reward must be close in time.
23
Q

GABA Agonist and Hippocampus

A

Alcohol, Benzo, Barbituates, date rape drug are all strong GABA agonists and shut down the hippocampus (so you have no memory of event).

24
Q

Hebb’s Rule and Neurodevelopment of Muscle Fibers

A

During neurodevelopment, the muscles will fire spontaneously and so will the neurons. Thus, some of the axons will get paired with the muscles.

If neuron has an AP and it releases NT at the same time that the muscle is firing, the neuron will get rewarded with retrograde messengers that help neuron get “big and tough.”

If don’t get retrograde transport, neuron will die.

25
Q

Salivation response to bell is extinguished, will it be easier to establish LTP with buzzer or bell?

A

Buzzer because once the bell is unlearned, it will be harder to learn again.

(a fresh stimulus is easier to learn).

26
Q

NMDA Receptor

A
27
Q

What 2 things must be present to work a NMDA receptor?

A
  1. Glutamate present
  2. AP occuring

When glutamate binds to the postsynaptic binding site of the NMDA receptor, the Mg++ blocking the channel will only move out of the way if have an AP (which means that Ca++ will be free to cross the channel).

28
Q

NMDA receptor ligand & ion?

A

Ligand = Glutamate

Ion = Ca2+

29
Q

Postsynaptic Membrane with AMPA & NMDA receptors

(Image)

A
30
Q

NMDA Receptors - When Ca2+ ions pass through, what happens?

A

Calcium works with calcium kalmodulin to activate protein kinases.

31
Q

Protein Kinases

A

E.g., CamKII, PKA, PKC

Protein kinases either (1) build things or (2) tear things apart. In terms of NMDA and AMPA receptors the kinases put more AMPA receptors into the membrane and strengthen the synapse.

32
Q

AMPA Receptor Ligand & Ion

A
  • Ligand = Glutamate
  • Ion = Na+
33
Q

CREB

A

Protein built by protein kinase that helps push AMPA receptors into membrane.

When knocked out CREB in fruit flies, they couldn’t learn.

Therefore, CREB = SUPER-MEMORY!

34
Q

2 Ways [theories] to Strengthen a Synapse (=Learning)

A
  1. Change something pre-synaptically (so you get a bigger AP)
    1. More NT released
    2. Strengthen pre-synaptic axon with retrograde messengers (e.g., NO)
  2. Change something in the post-synapse
    1. More AMPA receptors (more likely for glutamate to bind and let in Na++ –>EPSP–> AP
    2. Strengthen/thicken dendritic spine
35
Q

Retrograde Messenger: Nitric Oxide

A

NO can be used as a messenger. It carries oxygen in the blood. When oxygen goes into an area, it makes it swell up and the pre-synaptic axon therefore will cover more surface area.

36
Q

Long-Term Depression (LTD): How does it happen according to both the pre-synaptic model and post-synaptic model?

A
  • LTD = A long-term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized.
  • Pre-Synaptic: Learn to release less NT (because of the lack of firing, there won’t be retrograde support).
  • Post-Synaptic: AMPA receptors down-regulate (decrease of AMPA receptors in the dendritic spines)
37
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

HM

  • Can’t learn new information/remember the present.
  • Hippocampus removal shows that hippocampus doesn’t play a role in storing memories long-term or bringing memories back up. It does however play a role in storing the memory in the first place.
38
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Forget past

Rare

Must have serious insult to the brain

39
Q

Memory and Sleep: Theta Waves

A

In theta waves, the critical firing level of the hippocampus is lowered even more.

DECREASED CRITICAL FIRING LEVELS

40
Q

Hippocampal Formation

A

Specialized region of the limbic cortex located in the temporal lobe. Includes hippocampus proper (Ammon’s horn), dentate gyrus and subiculum.

41
Q

Typical process for producing LTP

A

Input to the hippocampal formation comes from the entorhinal cortex. Axons of neurons in the entorhinal cortex pass thru the perforant path and form synapses with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus.

42
Q

Associative LTP

A
  • Follows Hebb’s Rule (when weak and strong synapses to a single neuron are stimulated at the same time, the weak synapse becomes strengthened.
43
Q

NMDA Receptor

A
  • A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a Ca channel that’s normally blocked by Mg ions.
  • Ca enters only when glutamate is present AND when postsynaptic membrane is depolarized.
  • Found in hippocampal formation.
44
Q

AMPA Receptor

A
  • Ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a Na channel.
  • Strengthening of an individual synapse is accomplished by insertion of additional AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane of the dendritic spine.
    • Entry of Ca into dendritic spine causes AMPA receptors to move via enzymes (ex. CaM-KII) found in dendritic spines.
45
Q

Ventral Stream

A
  • Bottom
  • Object recognition
  • Pathway goes to inferior temporal cortex
  • “What”
46
Q

Dorsal Stream

A
  • Top
  • Perception of location of objects
  • Pathway goes to posterior parietal cortex
  • “Where”
47
Q

Declarative Memory

A
  • Memory that can be verbally expressed (facts, events)
    • Episodic Memory = Memory of a collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified by a particular context.
      • Learned all at once.
    • Semantic Memory = A memory of facts and general information.
      • Acquired gradually over time.
48
Q

Nondeclarative Memory

A

Memory whose formation doesn’t depend on the hippocampal formation. A collective term for perceptual, stimulus-response and motor memory (which seem to operate automatically).

49
Q

Entorhinal Cortex

A
  • Most important input to hippocampal formation
50
Q

Place Cells

A

A neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular location in the environment; most typically found in the hippocampal formation.

51
Q

Grid Cells, Border Cells, Head Direction Cells

A
  • Reflect animal’s location and head direction.

Psych 115 (12 decks)

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