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Psych 115 > Final - Sleep > Flashcards

Final - Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most important nucleus in the brain that controls circadian rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

(SCN)

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2
Q

Delta Wave Characteristics

A

High amplitude, low frequency

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3
Q

Type of waves found in SWS?

A

Delta Waves

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4
Q

In an average night of sleep, what decreases and what increases?

A

SWS decreases as night progresses and REM sleep increases as the night progresses.

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5
Q

PGO Waves

A

Originate in the pons and are the first sign of a bout of REM sleep in animals.

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6
Q

Duration of basic rest activity cycle?

A

Rhythmical patterns approximate 90 minutes

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7
Q

Genes that control Circadian rhythms

  • Role
  • Location
A

Period, Time and Clock

  • Control circadian rhythms and the intracellular ticking of the cells located in the SCN
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8
Q

What midbrain nucleus is responsible for the production of NE?

A

Locus cereleus

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9
Q

Zeitgeber

A

A stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock and the circadian rhythms.

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10
Q

Where is the SCN of the lateral hypothalamus located?

A

Directly on top of the optic chiasm.

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11
Q

Sleep Brain Wave States

(Image)

Overview

A
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12
Q

Sleep Cytoarchitecutre

(Image)

A
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13
Q

What happens to SWS and REM as the night progresses?

A
  • Stages 3 and 4 (SWS) decrease in frequency and REM periods get longer and more frequent (sometimes taking the place of SWS).
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14
Q

What causes wakefulness at the end of a sleep cycle?

A

Release of norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus.

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15
Q

Sleep Brain Wave States

(Verbal Description)

A
  • Alpha - Fast and high
  • Theta - More rhythmical
  • Delta (SWS) - Large amplitude, low frequency
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16
Q

What controls brain wave states?

A

Release of NTs

  • Primary NT impacting brain wave states = norepinephrine. Release or inhibition of NE makes brain wave states active or inactive.
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17
Q

What is Sleep?

A

You must have a brain and brain wave states to sleep.

Sleep is a behavior and is not the same as quiescence.

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18
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of the Lateral Hypothalamus

  • Role
A

Nucleus in brain that controls sleep.

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

(Image)

A

Located below the Thalamus.

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

(Functions)

A

The hypothalamus controls the drive states.

Fighting, fleeing, feeding, sex (+ sleep)

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21
Q

Reasons for Sleep

A
  1. Repair tissues
  2. Consolidate memories
  3. Restore brain’s neurochemicals
  4. Cool the brain
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22
Q

Why are tissues repaired during sleep?

A

During SWS, you release growth hormones (GHs).

GH keeps the process of cell replication going (all cells, except neurons, are constantly being replicated).

23
Q

Repair of Tissues:

What happens to SWS & GHs as you age?

A

As you age, your levels of growth hormon and SWS decrease.

24
Q

Components of Memory Consolidation

A
  1. Getting rid of useless stuff
  2. Storing new stuff
25
Q

What happens when you wake someone up from REM sleep?

A

They’re likely to return to a deeper state of sleep. It’s rare to just fall into REM sleep. After deep sleep, they will progressively return to REM faster.

26
Q

College Students & REM Sleep

A

Memory consolidation

College students have more REM sleep during exams (during a period of intense learning, REM sleep increases).

27
Q

Sleep & Restoration of Brain’s Neurochemicals

A

Neurons need glucose for energy. During sleep, neurons restore glucose, NTs and enzymes.

28
Q

Sleep & “Cooling the Brain”

A

STUPID HYPOTHESIS.

It has been shown that when you go to sleep, your brain temperature falls 1 degree. This doesn’t however explain WHY we sleep.

Brain cools b/c of circadian rhythms of SWS (less activity = neurons fire less = cools/slows entire body temperature).

29
Q

Temperature of the Body: When is it at its lowest and highest?

A

Lowest = 3-4am

Highest = 3-4pm

30
Q

Zeitgeber

A

“Time-Giver”

Circadian rhythms can be reset by getting light into the retinas. Special retinal ganglion cells absorb light and send a signal to the SCN.

31
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

(Picture)

A
32
Q

What does the SCN Control?

A
  1. Locus coeruleus and its ability to release NE
  2. Pineal gland
33
Q

Can blind people have circadian rhythms?

A

YES

If injury is to V1 and they still have retinal ganglion cells with rhodopsin, they can have normal circadian rhythms.

34
Q

What NT do the retinal ganglion cells release onto the SCN?

A

Glutamate.

35
Q

How Do We Know Circadian Rhythms Are Controlled by the SCN?

A
  • If it’s taken out, there will be an absence of circadian rhythms.
  • Blocking glutamate can block circadian rhythms
36
Q

Ticking

A

Neurons have time functions called “ticking.”

37
Q

3 Genes That Allow a Neuron to Tell Time

A
  1. Period (“Per”)
  2. Time (“Tim”)
  3. Clock (“Clk”)
38
Q

Basic Rest Activity Cycle (BRAC)

A

A basic larger rhythm.

Approximately 90 minutes and is active all 24 hours.

Every 90 minutes, you will be in your highest brain wave state/lowest brain wave state.

39
Q

3 Types of Life Rhythms

A
  1. Circadian (~25 hours)
  2. Biorhythms (longer; e.g., puberty)
  3. Lifespan (definite lifespan)
40
Q

Death and the SCN

A

SCN keeps track of the timing of life. As we age, we get less SWS and release less GH (which programs death b/c we’re no longer replacing cells in our body).

41
Q

DHEA

A

Precursor to GH

42
Q

GHB

A

Increases the amount of GABA (agonist) in brain and when go to sleep at night, spend more time in SWS (and therefore release more GH).

***Body Builders***

43
Q

Disruption of Circadian Rhythms & Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

A

Abnormality of circadian rhythms.

Light therapy stops the release of melatonin.

44
Q

Schizophrenia & REM Sleep

A

SZs have less REM sleep and don’t dream as much.

45
Q

How many cycles of sleep should be completed each night to maintain the health of the brain?

A

5 complete cycles (need the last and longest REM period)

46
Q

What % of Americans Have a Sleep Disorder?

A

50%

47
Q

How long does it take a sleeping pattern to develop?

A

In as little as 3 days

48
Q

Brain Wave States During Wakefulness?

A

Alpha & Beta

49
Q

Stage 1 Sleep Brain Wave States

A

Theta activity. Neuron firing more synchronized.

50
Q

Stage 2 Sleep Brain Wave States

A

Theta activity, sleep spindles and K complexes.

51
Q

SWS

A

Stages 3+4

Delta Activity

52
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Produces melatonin and plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms.

53
Q

Melatonin

A

Released by pineal gland and helps KEEP asleep

Psych 115 (12 decks)

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