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Psych 115 > Final - Emotions > Flashcards

Final - Emotions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the brain structure most studied in connection with emotions?

A

Amygdala

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2
Q

Input to and Output from Central Nucleus of the Amygdala?

A

Receives input from the basal and lateral nuclei and sends projections to a number of regions in the brain.

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3
Q

Where is the orbitofrontal area of the brain found?

A

Frontal Area

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4
Q

Extinction of Behavior and Brain Region Responsible for Suppression?

A

When a behavior becomes extinct, it is not forgetting of the behavior but rather a suppression of behavior by the vmPFC.

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5
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Emotions are a result of physiological feedback which is caused by a stimulus.

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6
Q

VTA

A

The brainstem nuclei that releases DA and plays a role in emotional responses.

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7
Q

Why do we have emotions?

A

So that they can amplify our motivational states.

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8
Q

What do emotions give rise to?

A

Movement

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9
Q

Hypothalamus and the 4 F’s

A

Hypothalamus controls our drive states and the emotional centers of the brain feed into the hypothalamus. Our emotions give impetus to a particular drive over another.

  1. Feeding/Drinking
  2. Fight/Defending Self
  3. Flight
  4. Sex
  5. +++Sleep
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10
Q

2 Pathways by which the Hypothalamus Controls Drive States

A
  1. Neurotransmitters (neural pathways)
  2. Hormones
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11
Q

Hypothalamus & Hormones

A

The hypothalamus doesn’t release hormones by itself but instead does so by acting on a secondary organ.

Ex. HT releases GH releasing hormone onto anterior pituitary which then releases GH.

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12
Q

Hypothalamus vs Pituitary

A

Pituitary = Master Gland

Hypothalamus = Master Master Gland. Controls the master gland via hormone releasing hormones.

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13
Q

Darwin on Evolution of Emotions

A

Emotions are universal. They are both culturally learned and innate.

Emotions lead to formation of social groups and we need social groups to survive (if convey emotions, can form bonds with others).

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14
Q

Ekman’s Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A

External stimulus makes your body respond in a certain way (e.g., smile) and the motor and somatosensory cortices tell you that you must be happy.

Forced smiles = People report being happier.

Facial movement can influence emotional experience. For example, an individual who is forced to smile during a social event will actually come to find the event more of an enjoyable experience.

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15
Q

Laterality of the Brain/Hemispheric Specialization:

Which side of the brain is more emotional?

A

Face is innervated by the hemisphere on the other side. For instance, motor and sensory info going to right side of face crosses from left hemisphere.

  • Right side of brain more emotional (therefore, left side of face has more emotional expression)

***Note, prof doesn’t like this model because there’s very good coordination and communication between hemispheres b/c of the CC.

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16
Q

James-Lange Theory

A
  • Physiological arousal instigates the experience of a specific emotion. Instead of feeling an emotion and subsequent physiological (bodily) response, the theory proposes that the physiological change is primary, and emotion is then experienced when the brain reacts to the information received via the body’s nervous system.
  • Similar to Ekman but extends theory beyond face to “viscera” (entire body)
  • Emotion-producing situations elicit physiological responses and behaviors. Brain receives sensory feedback from muscles and organs and this feedback constitutes the feeling of emotion.
  • Ex. External stimulus (see bear) –> run away –> feel afraind (a result of feedback from viscera)
  • Emotions are evolutional because they seem to be controlled by cranial nerves (viscera = CN10, facial=CN#7).
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17
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A
  • Feel emotions and experience physiological reactions simultaneously.
  • Emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction.
  • Emotional expression results from the function of hypothalamic structures, and emotional feeling results from stimulations of the dorsal thalamus. The physiological changes and subjective feeling of an emotion in response to a stimulus are separate and independent; arousal does not have to occur before the emotion. Thus, the thalamic region is attributed a major role in this theory of emotion.
  • Cf. James-Lange = physiological responses occur first and result and are the cause of emotions.
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18
Q

Cannon-Bard & Cats

A
  • Conducted experiments to determine what role the cortex played in emotion. Removed cortex and stimulated hypothalamus. =>
    • SHAM-RAGE (undirected anger)
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19
Q

Removal of PFC:

Phinneas Gage & Prefrontal Lobotomy

A

Personality different, flattened affect, loss of ability to experience emotions and emotions of others.

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20
Q

Schacter/Singer Two-Factor Theory

A
  • Emotion is a function of both cognitive factors and physiological arousal.
  • Environment plays a role in interpretation of emotion.
  • People search the immediate environment for emotionally relevant cues to label and interpret unexplained physiological arousal.

Ex. High-Bridge Experiment (attribute physiological response to bridge to liking person with)

Ex. Boring Questionnaire + NE Shot (adopt emotions of confederate b/c feel a physiological response and look for a target emotion to attach it to).

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21
Q

Papez Circuit

A
22
Q

Papez Circuit of Emotion

A

Limbic System.

  • Cingulate Gyrus/Entorhinal Cortex
  • Hypothalamus
  • Hippocampus
  • Septal nuclei/NaC
  • Anterior nucleus of the thalamus

MISSING in Papez Circuit = Amygdala

23
Q

Cingulate Gyrus/Entorhinal Cortex

A

Receive input directly from olfactory bulb via CN#1. Strong smells bring back a lot of emotion.

24
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls drive states. May be responsible for physiological response to emotions.

25
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory. Memory is strongly related to emotion.

26
Q

Septal Nuclei/NaC

A

Pleasure Center. Have a strong response when do something right and get a reward (want to repeat again).

27
Q

Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus

A

Relay station for emotional information (passes onto relevant centers in the brain).

28
Q

Amygdala

(Brain Image)

A
29
Q

Nuclei of the Amygdala

(Image)

A
30
Q

Amygdala

A

Almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep within the medial temporal lobes. Performs a primary role in the processing of memory and emotional reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system.

Fear and anger. Located in very front part of temporal lobe.

31
Q

Amygdala: Flow of Information

A

Info goes from basolateral group to the central nucleus which then processes the info and sends outputs to the rest of the limbic system.

32
Q

Lesions to Amygdala

A

If have lesions or remove this front portion of the temporal lobe, will eradicate fear and anger.

33
Q

Amygdala: Kluver/Bucy Syndrome

A

Klüver–Bucy syndrome is a syndrome resulting from bilateral lesions of the amygdala (ex., bi-temporal lobectomy in monkeys)

Symptoms include:

  1. Docility. Characterized by exhibiting diminished fear responses or reacting with unusually low aggression.
  2. Dietary changes and/or Hyperphagia. Characterized by eating inappropriate objects (pica) and/or overeating.
  3. Hyperorality. This was described by Ozawa et al. as “an oral tendency, or compulsion to examine objects by mouth”.
  4. Hypersexuality. Characterized by a heightened sex drive or a tendency to seek sexual stimulation from unusual or inappropriate objects.
  5. Visual agnosia. Characterized by an inability to recognize familiar objects or people. ***Psychic Blindness (blind to natural fear of snakes)
34
Q

Amygdala: Rats, Freezing, and Fear

A

Fanslow (UCLA) made rats afraid and measured this fear by a freezing response. Lesions in amygdala eradicated freezing response (shows amygdala responsible for fear).

35
Q

Lesions to Septal Nuclei

A

Rats won’t perform on maze-running because the reward is not as rewarding

36
Q

3 Regions of Amygdala

A
  1. Lateral Nucleus (LA)
  2. Basal Nucleus (B)
  3. Central Nucleus (CE)
37
Q

Central Nucleus of Amygdala

A

Single most important part of brain for expression of emotional responses provoked by aversive stimuli.

38
Q

Conditioned Emotional Response (CER): Where do physical changes occur?

A

A classically conditioned response that occurs when a neutral stimulus is followed by an aversive stimulus.

Physical changes responsible for CC of CER take place in LA.

39
Q

What inhibits expression of CER?

A

vmPFC (how the expression of a CR is inhibited).

vmPFC inhibits emotional responses.

40
Q

Periaqueductal Gray Matter (PAG)

A

Plays role in defensive rage and predation.

41
Q

Serotonin & Aggression & Risky Behavior

A

5-HT inhibits aggression and exerts a controlling influence on risky behavior.

42
Q

Androgen

A

Testosterone and related hormones. Increased aggression.

43
Q

Laterality of Emotional Recognition

A

Right hemisphere plays a more important role than left in comprehension/recognition of others’ emotion.

44
Q

Lesions to amygdala and ability to recognize facial expressions of emotions

A

Lesions impair ability to recognize facial expressions of emotions (especiall fear). Not necessarily tone of voice.

45
Q

Affective Blindsight

A

Ability of person who can’t see objects in blind field to accurately identify facial expressions of emotion while remaining unconscious of perceiving them (damage to visual cortex).

46
Q

The fusiform face area receives input from which type of cells in visual system?

cf. Amygdala

A

parvocellular

cf. Amygdala receives info from superior colliculus and the pulvinar and has its origin in more primitive magnocellular system.

47
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Activated when an animal performs a particular behavior or when it sees another animal performing that behavior. Neurons involved in learning to imitate actions of others.

48
Q

Damage to what areas of the brain impairs people’s ability to recognize facial expressions of disgust?

A

Insular cortex and basal ganglia.

Insular cortex is also activated when smell something disgusting.

49
Q

Volitional Facial Paresis

A

Difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily BUT can express genuine emotions with those muscles.

50
Q

Emotional Facial Paresis

A

Lack of movement of facial muscles in response to emotions in people who have no difficulty moving facial muscles voluntarily.

51
Q

Which side of the face is more expressive?

A

Left b/c the right hemisphere is more expressive (motor control is contralateral).

52
Q

vmPFC

A
  • Plays a role in emotional reactions. Lesions –> Impulsive, inappropriate anger.

Psych 115 (12 decks)

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