Midterm 1 Flashcards
Gerontology
the study of aging process and it impacts on population
Geriatrics “geras(old age)”
a branch of specialized medicine for the elderly (older aged people)
what does “Geron” mean?
old man
what are the 3 academic areas that are core to gerontology ?
biological , social & psychological
what are the two focuses of social aging
1.changes in social habits and behaviours
2. retirement, deaths & births
what are the 5 focuses of biological aging?
- longevity
- how and why the body changes with age
3.demographics of aging - neuropsychology of aging
- medical gerontology
what are the 2 focuses of psychological aging ?
- a person behaviour or enviroment
- changes is cognition ( mental process of thinking an learning)
is gerontology a interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary(aka psychology and social fields) field
true
what is the holistic approach
using multiple perspectives at once aka social environment , psychological ,cultural and spiritual
what is biogerontology?
the study of biological mechanism, how & why we age , the physical changes in appearance and functional capacity from the anatomical and cellular levels
what is the definition of aging(?
the passage of time from birth for that indiviual
what is chronological age ?
the actual age of a person. the age that is listed on goverment id’s
what is biological age ?
it is the age of our cells , it provides our true age that is based on a person functional capacity and alters we have in our DNA
when can biological age be lower than choronically age?
when your healthy and fit
when are 2 factors biological age be higher than chronological age ?
1,. chronically ill
2. poor physcial condition
what can and cannot chronogolical aging be used for and why
it cannot be used for individuals but it can use for population bc chronological age doesnt equal biological age
what is functional capacity ?
a direct measure of the ability of cells ,tissue and organ systems to function at 100% capacity
what is age determine by for biological age
it is determined by our physiology
what are 3 types of biologically aging process?
- Onset
- Rate
- extent
what can affect the time of onset,rate and extent of biological aging ?
extrinsic and intrinsic factors
what are the 3 extrinsic factors and what is key about it ?
lifestlye and nutrition and enviroment and you kinda have control over it
what is the intrinsic factor and what is key about it ?
genetics (DNA) and you have no control
what are 4 lifestyle/nutrition extrinsic factors you have control over ?
- education
- stress
- alcohol/drugs
4.exercise - smoking
6.job
and so on
what are 4 environmental extrinsic factors
1.pollution
2.infections
3.trauma/accidents
4.surgerys
what are 5 intrinsic DNA factors?
1.longevity genes
2.death genes
3.race
4.gender
5. passed down disease
what are the 4 things that occur with an aging organism ?
1.less ability to adapt to stimuli
2. loss of homeostasis
3.decline in functionality in cells,tissue and organs
4.ability to get more disease and death
what is the decrease of brain weight by the age of 80
15%
what is the decrease of basal metabolic rate at 80
20%
what is the cardiac output at 80?
30-35% less functiona so like 70%
what is the respiratory capacity between 40-70 years?
45%
how much does liver weight decline at 80
it declines by 35%
what is stress ?
the body reaction to stressors that can disturb homeostasis
what is homeostasis?
the regulations/ balance of internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain function, responds to internal and external changes , it is essential for survival
what occurs in the internal environment when theres a big change in the external environment?
there will be a small change in the internal enviroment like a ripple effect
what happens if cells are not in homeostasis?
they die and we loose functionality
what are 6 function maintained by homeostasis ?
- nutrients
- water
3.blood pH - body temp
5.ionic balance in kidneys - blood pressure
what are the 2 ways the body does to cope with stress to maintain homeostasis?
- the body provides materials and structure to prevent changes
- the body communicates via nervous and endocrine (feedback loops)
what are 5 body conditions elderly loose?
- lost of insultion(fat)
- lost of sweat glands (gets hot)
- decrease blood flow and blood vessels to skin
- decrease in muscle mass
- loss of body hair
what is brow fat ?
it prevents shivering
what happens to the nervous and endocrine system and they change with age
we lose receptors which lead to loss of functionality as the negative feedback loop relies and that and nerves and it over become slower
what are the 3 changes aging can do to homeostasis
- change in negative feedback (slower)
- change in body structures ( loss of fat and muscle)
3.thermoregulation , not be able to adapt to temp well
elderly people spend more time out of homeostasis with age
when is homeostasis less affected by stress and why
in young/middle age and its due to the fact we are able to heal , repair and recover
what are 2 examples that can happen to older person compare to a younger person when 1) respitory infection and 2) bone fractures occurs
so for the younger person everything heals well and doesnt becoem worse whilst for the older person the respirtory infection can become pneumonia and the bone fracture can become worse
what is frailty and what are 3 examples it could cause
increased vulnerability and functional impairment ; takes us farther and farther from our set point of homeostasis
1. loss of muscle mass
2. loss of cognition
3.disability
what is the definition of longevity (life span)?
duration of life of an individual(birth-death)
what are the 3 phases of aging ?
- maturation
- maturity
- aging
what years are the maturation phase?
0-18 years
what are 3 things about the maturation period
- growth and development
- gaining new functions
- where changes are beneficial
what years are the maturity phase
25-30 years
what is the 1 thing about the maturity period?
its is a period of stabilization and perfected functions
when does biological aging begin ?
around the age of 40
what are 3 factors of the aging stage?
- no growth or development
- decrease in functional capacity
- change of death increases
what category of people are more prominent than people under 25
ages greater the 65
what is the percentage of the age greater than 65 years in canada
15%
what will happen in 2050 in the us with age?
1 in 5 people in the us will the 65 which will be multiple times greater then in 1900s
what is the predicted number of centenarians in 2050?
1.5 million
what is the fastest growing segment of population
85 + years population is growing
what is the 4 major factors that contributes the increase aging of elderly?
- baby boomers
2.decrease infant mortality - increase in life expectancy
- decrease in birth rate (less young people
what is definition of life expectancy?
the average age at which death occurs in a population (currently increasing number) that is both age dependant and age independent
what is the definition of maximum life span ?
the age of death of the longest lived individual of a species (fixed number)
what is the max life span for humans
122 years (about 120 years)
who is the longest lived human?
jeanne calment
what is the 2022 life expectancy for canada
82 years
how much has life expectancy increased over the last 50 years in world ?
35 % L.E increase over 50 years in world
what 4 things can change life expentency?
- the period you were born
- country you in
- gender(women live longer)
4.less infant mortality
what is age-independant mortality?
it is when you can die at any time or any age not related to aging
what are 5 examples of age-INDEPENDENT mortality?
- acute infectious disease
- murder/suicide
- car accidents
- drug overdose
- disasters/war
what is age-dependant death
death that occurs due to biological aging (genetics)
what is primary aging ?
an unavoidable proccess of aging that is genetically determined from birth
what is secondary aging ?
it it due to disease that comes with age (gained overtime from biological aging) (chronic diseases)
what happens to our aging process if we eliminate all disease
we will not get close to our max life span but we will slow aging down and get closer to it
what is a type 1 curve ?
mortality curve that takes a group of cohorts ( in a certain year) and see who dies and moves on
what is a type 2 curve ?
a mortality rate looking at the rate of death for a cohort
what is a type 3 curve
a SURVIVAL curve (common)looking at a cohort and the people who has moved passed to the next year
what are the x and y axis of the type 3 survival curve
Lx and age , if theres a bigger shoulder that means more people lived younger
what is rectangularization in a curve
it is the ideal type 3 curve which shows and increase in LE
what are the 3 factors that contributed to rectangularization(microbiology) ?
- Antibiotics (1945)
- vaccinations
3.Antiseptics
what would a rectangular curve look like ?
in early to middle years it completely flat but in old age its a steep downturn around 80 and has a short tail for very old age !
what is the 3 biggest differences between aging and disease
- disease is treatable aging is not
- disease is selective everyone ages
- aging is only intrinsic while disease can be both intrisic and extrinsic
what is morbidity and what is comorbidity
suffering from a disease where youare mentally or physically disabled and dependant by chronic disease an and co morbidity is suffering from 2 or more disease (more common in women)
what is the increase in death rate from 25-35 to 85+
it is a 130 fold increase
from the 1900s to current day what are acute and chronic disease affects
back in 1900 acute disease were higher as people did not live long enough to experience chronic but now in current day chronic disease are more killer as LE is increasing so we are able to experience them now
what are 4 key factors about acute diseases
- rapid onset
- quick decline in health
3.short terms less than 6 weeks - treatable
what allowed for the decline in acute diseases overtime
medical and vaccine measure that allowed some diseases to have 0 mortality
what are the 5 factors about chronic disease
2.long term
3. (progressive )get worse over time (stages)
4.not curable
6. not contagious /infectious
7. can direct/indirect to death
what is the 6 step progression of a chronic disease ?
- minor Cellular changes (undectable)
- tissue changes (microsopically detectable)
- subclinical asymptomatic (detected by lab test ex X-ray)
- Pass clinical threshold
- disease symptomatic
6.disability/death or recovery
what is clinical threshold and what are the 3 sub clinical steps prior to it ?
a threshold that shows you have a developed symtoms of a disease and it is hard to go back once you past it and the 3 steps prior are cellular change ,tissue change and asymptomatic
what is the susceptibility stage to a chronic disease?
exposure of accumulation of factors for disease to start aka like harsh uv exposure over time turning into cancer
what is the subclinical disease stage to a chronic disease ?
where pathological change occur and the time of exposure to onset of symptoms
what is the spectrum of disease ?
mild to severe or fatal
what is a chronic disease type and what is an example of it progession in the stages
a chronic disease is atherosclerosis
1.cellular change: at age 20 there is elevated chloesterol
2. tissue changes: sma lfatty streak on tissue
3. subclicnical asymptomatic : a larger accumaltion of fatty streak
4. pass clinical threshold
5. symtomatic: high blood pressure and chest pain
6. death at 70
what percentage of death does chronic disease count for ?
69.5% of all death
how many acute disease are in the top leading causes of death?
1 acute which is influenza
what is the #1 chronic condition in people 65+
asap rocky arithitis
what is the solution to chronic diseases and are the curable
the only solution to chronic disease it to postpone and have a later threshold or prevent them but you can never cure them
