MIDTERM 01 - The Moral Agent Flashcards
__________ are what functions to animals
Instincts
__________ is a concept of decision-making
Rationality
The term __________ is derived from the Greek word “charakter”, which was initially used as a mark impressed upon a coin
Character
The term “character” is derived from the Greek word __________, which was initially used as a mark impressed upon a coin
Charakter
Refers to the existence or lack of virtues such as integrity, courage, strength, honesty, and loyalty
Moral character
Is a moral character trait for which the agent is deserving of negative reactive attitude, such as resentment or blame
Vice
___________ is derived from the Greek word “arete” which means excellence; is how a thing/being fulfills its function in accordance with its nature
Virtue
Virtue is derived from the Greek word __________ which means excellence; is how a thing/being fulfills its function in accordance with its nature
Arete
Refers to a state of character which makes a person good and capable of fulfilling his/her end
Telos
Refers to a mean between excess and deficiencies
Mesotes
Refers to being governed by prudence or practical wisdom
Phronesis
Means to exhibit one’s capacity to fulfill one’s essence or purpose in such a way that one’s potentiality as a particular being may be said to be actualized in the most excellent way
Virtuous
Has to do in harnessing reason’s contemplative/reflective activity for arriving at knowledge (excellence of thought)
Intellectual
Has to do with excellence in the performance of decisions relating to moral and practical activity (excellence of character)
Moral
An American psychologist who is best known for his theory of stages of moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg
Lawrence Kohlberg agreed with the Swiss clinical psychologist __________’s theory of moral development but wanted to develop his ideas further
Jean Piaget
2 stages under pre-conventional morality (Level 1)
Stage 1, Stage 2
2 stages under conventional morality (Level 2)
Stage 3, Stage 4
2 stages under post-conventional morality (Level 3)
Stage 5, Stage 6
People make decisions based on what is best for themselves, without regard for other’s needs or feelings (Level and stage of moral development)
Level 1, Stage 1 (Punishment avoidance and obedience)
People recognize that others also have need; they may try to satisfy other’s needs if their own needs are also met (Level and stage of moral development)
Level 1, Stage 2 (Exchange of favors)
People make decisions based on what actions will please others, especially authority figures and other individuals with high status (Level and stage of moral development)
Level 2, Stage 3 (Good boy/girl)
People look to society as a whole for guidelines about right or wrong (Level and stage of moral development)
Level 2, Stage 4 (Law and order)
People recognize that rules represent agreements among many individuals about appropriate (Level and stage of moral development)
Level 3, Stage 5 (Social contract)
Is a hypothetical, “ideal stage” that a few people ever reach; they answer to a strong inner conscience and willingly disobey laws that violate their own ethical principles (Level and stage of moral development)
Level 3, Stage 6 (Universal ethical principle)
Age range for Stage 1 of moral development
1-5
Motto for Stage 1 of moral development
Might makes right
Age range for Stage 2 of moral development
5-10
Motto for Stage 2 of moral development
What’s in it for me?
Age range for Stage 3 of moral development
8-16
Motto for Stage 3 of moral development
I want to be nice
Age range for Stage 4 of moral development
16 and older
Motto for Stage 4 of moral development
I’ll do my duty
Motto for Stage 5 of moral development
I’ll live by rules or try to change them
Motto for Stage 6 of moral development
Subscribing to the golden rule or act on my own values
