MIDTERM 01 - The Moral Agent

Question 1

__________ are what functions to animals

Answer 1

Instincts

Question 2

__________ is a concept of decision-making

Answer 2

Rationality

Question 3

The term __________ is derived from the Greek word “charakter”, which was initially used as a mark impressed upon a coin

Answer 3

Character

Question 4

The term “character” is derived from the Greek word __________, which was initially used as a mark impressed upon a coin

Answer 4

Charakter

Question 5

Refers to the existence or lack of virtues such as integrity, courage, strength, honesty, and loyalty

Answer 5

Moral character

Question 6

Is a moral character trait for which the agent is deserving of negative reactive attitude, such as resentment or blame

Answer 6

Vice

Question 7

___________ is derived from the Greek word “arete” which means excellence; is how a thing/being fulfills its function in accordance with its nature

Answer 7

Virtue

Question 8

Virtue is derived from the Greek word __________ which means excellence; is how a thing/being fulfills its function in accordance with its nature

Answer 8

Arete

Question 9

Refers to a state of character which makes a person good and capable of fulfilling his/her end

Answer 9

Telos

Question 10

Refers to a mean between excess and deficiencies

Answer 10

Mesotes

Question 11

Refers to being governed by prudence or practical wisdom

Answer 11

Phronesis

Question 12

Means to exhibit one’s capacity to fulfill one’s essence or purpose in such a way that one’s potentiality as a particular being may be said to be actualized in the most excellent way

Answer 12

Virtuous

Question 13

Has to do in harnessing reason’s contemplative/reflective activity for arriving at knowledge (excellence of thought)

Answer 13

Intellectual

Question 14

Has to do with excellence in the performance of decisions relating to moral and practical activity (excellence of character)

Answer 14

Moral

Question 15

An American psychologist who is best known for his theory of stages of moral development

Answer 15

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 16

Lawrence Kohlberg agreed with the Swiss clinical psychologist __________’s theory of moral development but wanted to develop his ideas further

Answer 16

Jean Piaget

Question 17

2 stages under pre-conventional morality (Level 1)

Answer 17

Stage 1, Stage 2

Question 18

2 stages under conventional morality (Level 2)

Answer 18

Stage 3, Stage 4

Question 19

2 stages under post-conventional morality (Level 3)

Answer 19

Stage 5, Stage 6

Question 20

People make decisions based on what is best for themselves, without regard for other’s needs or feelings (Level and stage of moral development)

Answer 20

Level 1, Stage 1 (Punishment avoidance and obedience)

Question 21

People recognize that others also have need; they may try to satisfy other’s needs if their own needs are also met (Level and stage of moral development)

Answer 21

Level 1, Stage 2 (Exchange of favors)

Question 22

People make decisions based on what actions will please others, especially authority figures and other individuals with high status (Level and stage of moral development)

Answer 22

Level 2, Stage 3 (Good boy/girl)

Question 23

People look to society as a whole for guidelines about right or wrong (Level and stage of moral development)

Answer 23

Level 2, Stage 4 (Law and order)

Question 24

People recognize that rules represent agreements among many individuals about appropriate (Level and stage of moral development)

Answer 24

Level 3, Stage 5 (Social contract)

Question 25

Is a hypothetical, “ideal stage” that a few people ever reach; they answer to a strong inner conscience and willingly disobey laws that violate their own ethical principles (Level and stage of moral development)

Answer 25

Level 3, Stage 6 (Universal ethical principle)

Question 26

Age range for Stage 1 of moral development

Answer 26

1-5

Question 27

Motto for Stage 1 of moral development

Answer 27

Might makes right

Question 28

Age range for Stage 2 of moral development

Answer 28

5-10

Question 29

Motto for Stage 2 of moral development

Answer 29

What’s in it for me?

Question 30

Age range for Stage 3 of moral development

Answer 30

8-16

Question 31

Motto for Stage 3 of moral development

Answer 31

I want to be nice

Question 32

Age range for Stage 4 of moral development

Answer 32

16 and older

Question 33

Motto for Stage 4 of moral development

Answer 33

I’ll do my duty

Question 34

Motto for Stage 5 of moral development

Answer 34

I’ll live by rules or try to change them

Question 35

Motto for Stage 6 of moral development

Answer 35

Subscribing to the golden rule or act on my own values