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Neuro 2 > Midquarter 1 Review > Flashcards

Midquarter 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Which ANS neurons are cholinergic?

A

All preganglionic (P & S)
Sympathetic post to most sweat glands
All parasympathetic post

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2
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

Chromaffin cells (modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons)
Motor end plate of NMJ (somatic NS)
Sympathetic & parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (dendrites & cell bodies)

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3
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

Smooth mm
Cardiac mm
Glands

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4
Q

What are some symptoms of muscarine poisoning?

A

Excessive gland secretions
Excessive sweating
Smooth mm stimulation (diarrhea)

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5
Q

What pathway does this describe?

Nicotinic > adrenergic > effector

A

Sympathetic pathway to most effectors (except many sweat glands)

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6
Q 
What pathway(s) does this describe?
Nicotinic > muscarinic > effector
A

Sympathetic to most sweat glands and all parasympathetic pathways.

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7
Q

Nicotinic receptors always result in ____

A

Excitation

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8
Q

Muscarinic receptor stimulation always results in…

A

either excitation or inhibition

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9
Q

NE receptor stimulation results in…

A

either excitation or inhibition of effector cell

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10
Q

When is NE a hormone vs. a neurotransmitter?

A

hormone when released by chromaffin cells

NT when released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons

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11
Q

Activation of alpha 1 & beta 1 receptors results in…

A

excitation

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12
Q

Activation of alpha 2 & beta 2 receptors results in…

A

inhibition

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13
Q

Beta 3 receptors are only present in…

A

brown fat

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14
Q

Adrenergic receptors can either be ___ or ___

A

alpha or beta receptors

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15
Q

Cholinergic receptors can either be ___ or ___

A

nicotinic or muscarinic

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16
Q

True or false: most cells have both alpha or beta receptors

A

false, most have either or, not both

some visceral effectors have both

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17
Q

True or false: E stimulates alpha receptors more strongly than beta receptors

A

false, that’s NE.

EPI stimulates both equally

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18
Q

Two enzymes that can degrade NE in the liver include…

A

COMT and MAO

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19
Q

What is: substance that binds to and blocks a receptor, preventing a natural neurotransmitter or hormone from exerting its effect

A

antagonist (parasympatholytic or sympatholytic)

20
Q

Atropine blocks ___ receptors

A

muscarinic (ACh)

21
Q

What is Atropine used for?

A

pupil dilation for eye exams
treatment of hypermotility of intestines
counteract warfare agents that inactivate AChE

22
Q

What is: substance that binds to and activates a receptor, mimicking the effect of a natural neurotransmitter or hormone

A

Agonist (sympathomimetic or parasympathomimetic)

23
Q

What is Propranolol?

A

a beta blocker used to treat HBP

24
Q

What is a selective beta blocker?

A

Only blocks beta type 1 OR type 2 but not both

25
Q

The myenteric plexus is found all the way from the __ to the __

A

esophagus to the anus

26
Q

The submucosal plexus is found all the way between the __ and the __

A

stomach to the anus

27
Q

The integrating centres of the ANS are…

A 
Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Brain stem
Spinal cord
Cerebral cortex
28
Q

What is: the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in the body

A

autonomic tone

29
Q

True or false: all organs in the body have dual innervation

A

true, with a few exceptions

30
Q

Which structures have SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION ONLY?

A 
sweat glands
spleen
systemic veins
adipose tissue
pineal gland
arrector pili and radial mm of the iris
adrenal medulla
kidneys
neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
31
Q

ONLY ONE STRUCTURE IN THE BODY IS NOT INNERVATED BY THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION…

A

the constrictor mm of the iris

32
Q

Lacrimal glands are MOSTLY stimulated by ___ stimulation

A

parasympathetic

33
Q

Which ANS division favours: rigorous physical activity, rapid ATP production, and reduced energy storage?

A

SNS

34
Q

What are the EEE situations?

A

exercise
emergency
embarassment

35
Q

SNS RESPONSE: blood vessels dilate in the “essential organs” which are:

A

skeletal mm
heart mm
liver
adipose tissue

35
Q

SNS RESPONSE: blood vessels dilate in the “essential organs” which are:

A

skeletal mm
heart mm
liver
adipose tissue

36
Q

SNS RESPONSE: blood vessels constrict in the “non-essential organs” which are:

A

kidneys and GI tract

37
Q

With an SNS response, liver cells undergo __ to increase the amount of glucose available for glycolysis

A

glycogenolysis

38
Q

With a SNS response, adipose cells undergo lipolysis to make glycerol available for ____

A

Gluconeogenesis

39
Q

PNS responses prioritize functions that…

A

conserve & restore energy

40
Q

__ impulses predominate the GI tract over __ impulses

A

PNS over SNS

41
Q

SLUDD stands for…

A 
salivation
lacrimation
urination
digestion
defecation
42
Q

PNS responses decrease

A
  • HR
  • airway diameter
  • pupil diameter
43
Q

The ___ and ___ parts of the hypothalamus control the sympathetic division

A

posterior & lateral

44
Q

The __ and __ parts of the hypothalamus control the PNS division

A

anterior & medial

45
Q

Stomach secretion is stimulated by…

A

distended stomach walls, signal travels via vagus nerve to medulla

46
Q

What is orthostatic HTN?

A

dysfunction of SNS reflex that normally maintains constant BP

Neuro 2 (11 decks)

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