Midquarter 1 Review Flashcards
Which ANS neurons are cholinergic?
All preganglionic (P & S)
Sympathetic post to most sweat glands
All parasympathetic post
Where are nicotinic receptors found?
Chromaffin cells (modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons)
Motor end plate of NMJ (somatic NS)
Sympathetic & parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (dendrites & cell bodies)
Where are muscarinic receptors found?
Smooth mm
Cardiac mm
Glands
What are some symptoms of muscarine poisoning?
Excessive gland secretions
Excessive sweating
Smooth mm stimulation (diarrhea)
What pathway does this describe?
Nicotinic > adrenergic > effector
Sympathetic pathway to most effectors (except many sweat glands)
What pathway(s) does this describe? Nicotinic > muscarinic > effector
Sympathetic to most sweat glands and all parasympathetic pathways.
Nicotinic receptors always result in ____
Excitation
Muscarinic receptor stimulation always results in…
either excitation or inhibition
NE receptor stimulation results in…
either excitation or inhibition of effector cell
When is NE a hormone vs. a neurotransmitter?
hormone when released by chromaffin cells
NT when released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons
Activation of alpha 1 & beta 1 receptors results in…
excitation
Activation of alpha 2 & beta 2 receptors results in…
inhibition
Beta 3 receptors are only present in…
brown fat
Adrenergic receptors can either be ___ or ___
alpha or beta receptors
Cholinergic receptors can either be ___ or ___
nicotinic or muscarinic
True or false: most cells have both alpha or beta receptors
false, most have either or, not both
some visceral effectors have both
True or false: E stimulates alpha receptors more strongly than beta receptors
false, that’s NE.
EPI stimulates both equally
Two enzymes that can degrade NE in the liver include…
COMT and MAO
What is: substance that binds to and blocks a receptor, preventing a natural neurotransmitter or hormone from exerting its effect
antagonist (parasympatholytic or sympatholytic)
Atropine blocks ___ receptors
muscarinic (ACh)
What is Atropine used for?
pupil dilation for eye exams
treatment of hypermotility of intestines
counteract warfare agents that inactivate AChE
What is: substance that binds to and activates a receptor, mimicking the effect of a natural neurotransmitter or hormone
Agonist (sympathomimetic or parasympathomimetic)
What is Propranolol?
a beta blocker used to treat HBP
What is a selective beta blocker?
Only blocks beta type 1 OR type 2 but not both
The myenteric plexus is found all the way from the __ to the __
esophagus to the anus
The submucosal plexus is found all the way between the __ and the __
stomach to the anus
The integrating centres of the ANS are…
Hypothalamus Limbic system Brain stem Spinal cord Cerebral cortex
What is: the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in the body
autonomic tone
True or false: all organs in the body have dual innervation
true, with a few exceptions
Which structures have SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION ONLY?
sweat glands spleen systemic veins adipose tissue pineal gland arrector pili and radial mm of the iris adrenal medulla kidneys neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
ONLY ONE STRUCTURE IN THE BODY IS NOT INNERVATED BY THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION…
the constrictor mm of the iris
Lacrimal glands are MOSTLY stimulated by ___ stimulation
parasympathetic
Which ANS division favours: rigorous physical activity, rapid ATP production, and reduced energy storage?
SNS
What are the EEE situations?
exercise
emergency
embarassment
SNS RESPONSE: blood vessels dilate in the “essential organs” which are:
skeletal mm
heart mm
liver
adipose tissue
SNS RESPONSE: blood vessels dilate in the “essential organs” which are:
skeletal mm
heart mm
liver
adipose tissue
SNS RESPONSE: blood vessels constrict in the “non-essential organs” which are:
kidneys and GI tract
With an SNS response, liver cells undergo __ to increase the amount of glucose available for glycolysis
glycogenolysis
With a SNS response, adipose cells undergo lipolysis to make glycerol available for ____
Gluconeogenesis
PNS responses prioritize functions that…
conserve & restore energy
__ impulses predominate the GI tract over __ impulses
PNS over SNS
SLUDD stands for…
salivation lacrimation urination digestion defecation
PNS responses decrease
- HR
- airway diameter
- pupil diameter
The ___ and ___ parts of the hypothalamus control the sympathetic division
posterior & lateral
The __ and __ parts of the hypothalamus control the PNS division
anterior & medial
Stomach secretion is stimulated by…
distended stomach walls, signal travels via vagus nerve to medulla
What is orthostatic HTN?
dysfunction of SNS reflex that normally maintains constant BP
