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Neuro 2 > Class 13/14 - Integration/Higher Functions > Flashcards

Class 13/14 - Integration/Higher Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Alpha waves are associated with what mental state?

A

normal/awake, resting, eyes closed

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2
Q

Beta waves in the brain are associated with…

A

eyes open, active nervous system

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3
Q

Theta brain waves are considered normal in ____ but in ___ will appear with emotional stress or brain disorder

A

children, adults

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4
Q

Delta waves are associated with ____ in adults, and are normal in awake infants. When appearing in ___ adults, it’s indicative of brain damage.

A

deep sleep

awake adults

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5
Q

What structure of the hypothalamus establishes the circadian cycle?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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6
Q

____ is the most powerful tool for regulating the sleep-wakefulness cycle

A

sunlight

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7
Q

What is the function of the RAS? Where is it found?

A

transmits (directly or via thalamus) many nerve impulses to a widespread area of the cerebral cortex leading to generalized activity in the cortex

in the brain stem

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8
Q

What does the awake state refer to?

A

the state of readiness and ability to react consciously to various stimuli

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9
Q

The RAS of the RF plays an active role in awakening.

T or F: the EEG of a sleeping person shows a very active cerebral cortex, just like when they are awake.

A

false

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10
Q

Stimuli that can activate the RAS include…

A 
pain 
touch and pressure
limb movement
bright light
auditory stimulation, like the buzz of an alarm clock
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11
Q

Sleep consists of two alternating components, which are:

A

NREM (non REM sleep)

and REM sleep

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12
Q

What are the 4 stages of NREM sleep? How long does it take to go from stage 1 to stage 4?

A

stage 1 - transition
stage 2 - light sleep
stage 3 - moderately deep sleep
stage 4 - deepest sleep

less than one hour

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13
Q

NREM sleep is governed by neurons from what brain areas?

A

preoptic area of the hypothalamus
basal forebrain
medulla oblongata

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14
Q

Stage 1 of NREM sleep usually lasts… and is/is not considered a true stage of sleep

A

1-7 minutes

not a true stage of sleep

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15
Q

T/F: Stage 4 NREM sleep will see an absence of reflexes

A

false, most reflexes are still in tact

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16
Q

During the deepest level of sleep, brain metabolism ___ significantly, and the phenomenon of ___ can occur, if at all.

A

DROPS

sleepwalking

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17
Q

REM sleep occurs ~ every __ minutes. The first episode lasts ____ minutes, and the episodes then gradually _____.

A

90 minutes,

10-20 minutes,

lengthen in duration.

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18
Q

Infant sleep is about __% REM sleep

A

50%

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19
Q

Blood flow to the brain and oxygen use are higher during ____ than when awake and doing intense mental or physical activities!!!

A

REM sleep

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20
Q

REM sleep is turned on/off by neurons in the …

A

pons & midbrain

21
Q

During REM sleep, skeletal mm are paralyzed, parasympathetic activity ____, and most ____ neurons are inhibited

A

increases

somatic motor

22
Q

Define “plasticity”

A

when an experience produces persistent structural and functional changes to represent the experience in the brain

23
Q

What kinds of changes happen in the brain with plasticity?

A

synthesis of a different protein in the neuron
sprouting of new dendrites
changes in the strength of the synapse

24
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in immediate and short term memory?

A

hippocampus
mammillary bodies
anterior and medial nuclei of the thalamus

25
Q

Short-term memory relies on ____ and ___ events rather than the formation of new synapses or other structural changes.

A

electrical, chemical

26
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

re-enforcement of information from frequent retrieval

27
Q

What types of sleep are most important for memory consolidation?

A

short-wave sleep (SWS) and REM

28
Q

Amnesia is caused by events which inhibit electrical activity in the brain, preventing retention of recently acquired information but not previously acquired long-term memory. Events such as:

A

anesthesia
coma
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)
ischemia

29
Q

Differentiate anterograde from retrograde amnesia:

A

anterograde: memory loss from events after the trauma or disease (inability to form new memories)

retrograde: memory loss of events before the trauma or disease (inability to recall past events)
* *most recent memories return last

30
Q

Stimulation of the amygdala results in ___, removal will result in ____

A

rage

lack of fear/aggression and failure to recognize fearful expressions in others

31
Q

Neurons in the hippocampus are capable of ____. They can develop new neurons, even in the elderly.

A

mitosis

32
Q

The primary somatosensory area is found in the ___ gyrus of the ___ lobe

A

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

33
Q

The primary visual area is found in the ___ lobe

A

occipital

34
Q

The primary auditory area is found in the ___ part of the ___ lobe

A

superior part, temporal lobe

35
Q

The primary gustatory area is found in the __ of the ___ gyrus

A

base of the postcentral gyrus

36
Q

The primary olfactory area is found in the ___ aspect of the ___ lobe

A

medial aspect of the temporal lobe

37
Q

The primary motor area of the cortex is found in the ____ gyrus of the ___ lobe

A

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

38
Q

Broca’s speech area is found in the ___ lobe above the ____ fissure. In 97% of people, this is in the ___ hemisphere

A

frontal lobe above the lateral fissure

Left

39
Q

Somatosensory association area is found ___ to the primary somatosensory area.

A

posterior

40
Q

Wernicke’s area is found in the _____ and ___ lobes.

A

left temporal and parietal lobes

41
Q

Differentiate Wernicke’s vs. Broca’s speech areas

A

Broca’s is involved in formation and articulation of words

Wernicke’s is involved in understanding speech and translating words into thoughts

42
Q

In 2/3 of the population, Wernicke’s area is ___ in the left hemisphere

A

larger

43
Q

Left hemisphere dominance will go with __ handedness (except for 1/1000 people)

A

right

44
Q

7/10 people with left handed people will have ____ hemispheric lateralization

A

LEFT

45
Q

The corpus callosum is a ____ tract containing about ___ million myelinated axons. On average, it is proportionally ____ in females.

A

commissural
300 million
larger in females

46
Q

What are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum?

A

splenius
truncus
genu
rostrum

47
Q

What is the most common brain malformation in humans?

A

agenesis of the corpus callosum (still rare)

48
Q

People with corpus callosum agenesis generally have ____ intelligence but cognitive disabilities with complex problem solving and social cue difficulty.

A

normal

49
Q

__% of a child’s brain development happens before age _

A

90%, 5

Neuro 2 (11 decks)

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