Class 2 - Structure of ANS Divisions

Question 1

True or false: sympathetic preganglionic follow a different route than somatic motor axons at the same segmental level.

Answer 1

false, they follow the same route

Question 2

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons join which spinal nerve root (ventral or dorsal)? and then which ramus (ventral or dorsal)?

Answer 2

ventral root

ventral ramus

Question 3

What makes up the white rami communicantes?

Answer 3

sympathetic preganglionic fibres headed to the sympathetic trunk ganglion

Question 4

White rami communicantes only exists between which spinal segments?

Answer 4

T1-L2/3

Question 5

In 80% of people, the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic ganglion fuse to form the…

Answer 5

stellate/cervicothoracic ganglion

Question 6

What do the postganglionic axons of the superior cervical ganglia innervate?

Answer 6

sweat glands
smooth mm of eye
facial blood vessels
nasal mucosa

lacrimal glands
pineal gland
salivary glands
heart

Question 7

The postganglionic axons of the middle & inferior cervical ganglia innervate…

Answer 7

heart
blood vessels of the neck
shoulder
upper limb

Question 8

Why would a stellate ganglion block be used?

Answer 8

diagnose cause of or manage pain in face/head/arms/chest (shingles or angina)

reduce sweating in face, head, arms, hands

treat reflex sympathetic dystrophy, CRPS or sympathetic maintained pain

Question 9

The postganglionic axons of the thoracic ganglia innervate…

Answer 9

heart, lungs, bronchi, other thoracic viscera, sweat glands, erector pilli mm, and blood vessels

Question 10

The sympathetic trunk postganglionic axons travel to their visceral effectors as one of four nerves:

Answer 10

enter via a spinal nerve

form the cephalic periarterial nerves

form the sympathetic nerves

form the splanchnic nerves

Question 11

Are sympathetic postganglionic axons myelinated or unmyelinated?

Answer 11

unmyelinated

Question 12

Which are greater in number? Grey rami communicantes or white rami communicantes?

Answer 12

Grey

Question 13

What makes up the grey rami communicantes?

Answer 13

unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic neuron axons travelling to spinal nerves

Question 14

What do the sympathetic postganglionic axons of spinal nerves supply?

Answer 14

sweat glands, smooth mm in blood vessels, and arrector pili mm

Question 15

What are: ANS postganglionic axons that follow the carotid arteries up to the head

What do they supply?

Answer 15

cephalic periarterial nerves

sweat glands, smooth mm in blood vessels, arrector pili…

smooth mm of the eyes
lacrimal glands
salivary glands
pineal gland
nasal mucosa

Question 16

The sympathetic nerves supplying the heart come from… (what ganglia? what plexus?)

Answer 16

sympathetic:
superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia
T1-T4 ganglia –> cardiac plexus

Question 17

The sympathetic nerves supplying the lungs, bronchi, and bronchioles come from what ganglia & plexus?

Answer 17

the ganglia of T2-T4 –> pulmonary plexus

Question 18

Sympathetic preganglionic axons that do NOT synapse in the sympathetic trunk ganglia are called ____, which instead, extend to synapse in the…

Answer 18

1. splanchnic nerves

2. prevertebral (collateral) ganglia

Question 19

There are two groups of splanchnic nerves. Where does each go?

Answer 19

1. abdominal organs

2. adrenal medulla

Question 20

This nerve is formed from preganglionic axons T5-T9/10 and supplies the stomach, spleen, liver, kidneys, and small intestine from the celiac ganglion.

Answer 20

greater splanchnic nerve

Question 21

This nerve is formed from preganglionic axons from T10-T11 and enters the aorticorenal and superior mesenteric ganglia, eventually innervating the blood vessels of the small intestine and proximal colon.

Answer 21

lesser splanchnic nerve

Question 22

This nerve is not always present, but formed from axons of T12. It enters the renal plexus and eventually postganglionic fibres innervate the kidney arterioles and ureters

Answer 22

least/lowest splanchnic nerve

Question 23

This nerve is formed from L1-L4, terminates in the inferior mesenteric ganglion, and innervates the distal colon and rectum through the hypogastric plexus.

Answer 23

lumbar splanchnic nerve

Question 24

Chromafin cells release _% E and _% NE

Answer 24

80% epinephrine

20% norepinephrine

Question 25

The axons of all parasympathetic preganglionic neurons end in the…

Answer 25

terminal ganglia

Question 26

Where are the ciliary ganglia found?

Answer 26

lateral to each optic nerve (III)

Question 27

The pterigopalatine ganglia receives parasympathetic ganglions for the ___ nerve to innervate the ____

Answer 27

facial (VII)

nasal mucosa, palate, pharynx, lacrimal gland

Question 28

The submandibular ganglia receives preganglionic axons for the __ nerve and innervates the _____

Answer 28

facial (VII)

submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

Question 29

The otic ganglia receives preganglionic axons from the ___ nerve to innervate the _____

Answer 29

glossopharyngeal (IX)

parotid gland

Question 30

80% of PNS outflow leaves the brain through the…

Answer 30

vagus nerves

Question 31

Outflow from S2-S4 spinal nerves branch off to form the…

Answer 31

pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 32

Pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate the…

Answer 32

colon, ureters, bladder, reproductive organs

Question 33

Greater splanchnic nerves travel to what ganglion?

Answer 33

celiac ganglion

Question 34

Lesser splanchnic nerves travel to what ganglion?

Answer 34

aorticorenal and superior mesenteric

Question 35

The least/lower splanchnic nerves travel to what plexus?

Answer 35

renal plexus

Question 36

The lumbar splanchnic nerves end in the ___ ganglion and travel through the ____ plexus

Answer 36

inferior mesenteric

hypogastric

Question 37

What are the 4 parasympathetic ganglia named in the head?

Answer 37

ciliary
pterygopalatine
submandibular
otic