Middle Ages and Americas Unit Study Guide 1st Flashcards
Carolingians
This dynasty is seen as the founders of France and Germany, and its beginning date is based on the crowning of Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, and ends with the death of Charles the Fat.
Charlemagne
Son of Pepin the Short. Soon after becoming king, he conquered the Lombards (in present-day northern Italy), the Avars (in modern-day Austria and Hungary. Pope Leo III crowned him emperor of the Romans on December 25, 800 AD.
Louis the Pious
Charlemagne’s son and successor. He became sole emperor when Charlemagne died in January 814.
Feudal Nobles
Wealthy aristocrats who owned land and provided armies for Kings (or other rulers)
Vassals
Men who would swear loyalty to a more a powerful lord.
In return for their soldiers and loyalty the greater lord would give land and protection
Parish Priests
Local Priest who would: Administer the sacrament,Preach the Gospels,Guided people on issues regarding morality.
The Benedictine Rule
A set of rules set up to govern the lives of monks in monasteries.
The rules were:
Obedience to the abbot or abbess.
Poverty.
Chastity.
The Village Church
The social center of the middle ages. Prosperous communities built elaborate stone versions.
Pope Gregory VII
Pope that outlawed marriage for priests and prohibited simony (the selling of Church offices) in 1073
Vikings
A group of seafarers from Scandinavia that colonized and raided parts of Europe from about 793 AD through about 1066 AD.
Mongols
Invaded Russia in 1236 and, by 1242, had conquered all the appendage principalities (like countries/states ruled by kings or smth). They founded a capital at Old Sarai and developed simple administrative system.
Khanate of the Golden Horde
Mongol branch that ruled in Russia. Russian politics took the form of various local princes jockeying and groveling (trying hard and like wanting the support) for the support of the Mongol khan in order to advance their petty schemes
Silkroad
Trade route between Western Europe and China that brought trade goods between the east and west including silk.
Guilds
An association of merchants, craftsman, or artists
Norman Conquest
William of Normandy with the backing of the Pope invaded England. In 1066 where he defeats King Harold and become the ruler of England.
Bayeux Tapestry
An embroidered linen tapestry with colored woolen thread. Provides a unique record of the Battle of Hastings including weapons and clothing. The last panel is missing.
“Domesday Book”
William the Conqueror’s book that listed every castle, field, and pigpen in England. Revolutionized tax collecting in Medieval England.
Magna Carta
Legal document that gave the Nobles rights in court and made clear that the king must obey the law.
Parliament
Started as the great council of nobles that among other things
approved money for wars. Edward I expanded it to include the “common people”
Holy Roman Empire
A loosely federated central European political entity that began with the coronation of the German king Otto I as the first emperor in 962. The empire was long troubled, first by the conflict between papal and civil authority and later by religious strife and political fragmentation.
Otto I
defended the Pope in Italy and was given the title of Holy Roman Emperor. (Duke of Saxony and later King of Germany)
Investiture Crisis
Debate between the Pope and Kings over who had the right to name Bishops to positions in a given territory.
Investiture
In ecclesiastical law, an elected cleric received the pastoral ring and staff (the symbols of spiritual office) signifying the transfer of the office. After the oath of fealty, the lord “invested” the vassal with the fief, usually by giving him some symbol of the land or office transferred.
or (i have no idea)
the ability of secular rulers to appoint (or “invest”) individuals in church positions.
Pope Gregory VII
Fought with Emperor Henry IV over the right to name Bishops to position in Germany (Holy Roman Empire)
Emperor Henry IV
Fought with Pope Gregory VII over the right to name Bishops to position in Germany (Holy Roman Empire). Pope Gregory excommunicated him, freeing his subjects from their allegiance to the emperor. He crossed the Alps “with bare feet and clad only in a wretched woolen garment,” he presented himself to the Pope as a repented sinner.
Concordat of Worms
In 1122 both sides agreed to a compromise. The Pope had the right to appoint clergy while the King had the right to invest fiefs. (land)
Pope Innocent III
led a crusade against the simple Christians called the Albigensians. Known as one of the strongest pope’s in history.
Pope Urban II
Called on the knights of Christendom to join a crusade to save Constantinople, Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim Turks.
Bubonic Plague
Epidemic disease that was spread by flees carried by rats. Known for causing sores among other symptoms. One third to one half the population of Europe died of the Plague within the next few years.
Gregory XII
Pope in Rome at the Council of Constance. He agreed to abdicate, provided that he was permitted, officially to call the council back later to which the council agreed.
idk what that means so here’s my interpretation:
Roman Pope who stepped down after he was allowed to convoke a council at Constance
Joan of Arc
A 17 year old peasant woman. She convinced the French King to let her lead the army because she was sent by God to save France. She won many victories for France before being captured and executed by the English. In 1431 she was burned as a witch at Rouen, France.
Henry VI
English King who was crowned King of France in Paris. Under his incompetent rule, France whittles away at English holdings in France.
The Viking Age
The years between 793-1066 during which the Vikings colonized other parts of Europe and areas around North America
Manorialism
the name for the organization of the economy in the Middle Ages. The economy relied mainly on agriculture.
Feudalism
System that was implemented to provide protection to lesser lords and peasants after Viking invasions.
It was an economic, political, and social system in which protection was repaid by land or labor.
Chivalry
Code of conduct for nobles
Guilds
is an association of merchants, craftsman, or artists. (Like a Union)
They dominated town life and one could not work a trade without being a member.
Cathedral Schools
Schools based in cathedrals
Curriculum of Latin writings
Literature, philosophy, some law, medicine, theology
Best form of education in the Middle Ages
Medieval Universities
Academic guilds formed in 12th century
Both student and faculty organizations
Higher standards of education promoted
Treatment of students in town was a major source of concern
First Crusades
Captures Jerusalem, largely due to poor Muslim organization
Saladin
Muslim ruler who was tolerant and forbade his soldiers to kill, harm or steal from defeated crusaders.
William the Conqueror
with the backing of the Pope invades England in 1066 where he defeats King Harold in events called the Norman Invasion
Frederick Barbarossa ( Red Beard)
Attempt to absorb Lombardy (northern Italy)
Popes did not want him to gain that much power, enlisted aid from other states
How did the Bubonic Plague change the situation of Middle Ages Peasants?
Due to the fact that so many had died, there were far fewer people to work the land: peasants were therefore able to demand better conditions and higher wages from their landlords. Many advanced to higher positions in society. Thus the Black Death was ultimately responsible for major shifts in the social structure.
On Christmas Day 800, Charlemagne received the imperial crown and the title of ________ from Pope Leo III.
emperor of the Romans
How did Trade Guilds impact economic development in Medieval towns and cities?
led to increased productivity, increased wages, and higher standards of living. Guilds became a major source of employment for workers in cities, and guild membership was widespread
Peasant revolts against taxation and coercive labor systems were facilitated by what events in the Middle Ages?
low pay, the introduction of a poll tax, long term impact of the Black Death; the impact of the Statute of Labourers; the land ties that remained in place to feudal lords and to the church
The Byzantine emperors deeply resented—as an affront to their dignity—the pope’s imperial coronation in the year 800 of this Frankish king; who was he?
Charlemagne
Justinian’s most important and long-lasting political achievement was his?
codification of Roman law and rebuilding of Constantinople after it was destroyed by riots and fire (hagia sophia)
The incredibly important relationship that formed much of the core of feudalism was between__________?
lord and retainers
What was the Manorial system, and how did it impact Middle Ages economics and societies?
a system of agricultural estates in the Middle Ages, owned by a Lord and run by serfs or peasants. The Lords provided safety and protection from outside threats and the serfs or peasants provided labor to run the manor.
The manorial system was the most convenient device for organizing the estates of the aristocracy and the clergy in the Middle Ages in Europe, and it made feudalism possible.
Explain ONE way in which the Aztecs or Incas interacted with the environment in order to sustain large populations.
inca
The Inca used irrigation and terraces cut into the mountainsides of the Andes to produce food on a massive scale. Their efficient system of roads was able to keep populations in line, collect taxes efficiently, and move goods, messages, and military resources across such a varied landscape.
aztec
Chinampas, or floating gardens, provided the food necessary to sustain the Aztec empire. They consisted of human-made islands where crops could be grown. Food staples included maize, squash, and beans.
or
both but not as good
agricultural inventions and technologies. They created floating gardens for more places to grow food. They built dikes to hold back water in the swampy areas, to free up land for agriculture and building. They built their beautiful capital city on a swamp, thanks to the skills of their engineers. They had coastal sea routes. They terraced the steep land for farming, created sturdily built cities on mountain tops, innovative canal systems that fed their cities and crops, and road systems that could traverse the rough country they ruled.
Identify and explain TWO historical claims about the Aztec state that can be supported based on the image
One historical claim about the Aztec state is that they strongly valued luxurious goods. With the gems, feathers, jaguar pelts, and cacao it appears as if the favored very elaborate things.
or
The image supports the claim that Aztecs used jaguar pelts, gems, feathers, and more because it shows that the Aztecs had certain uses for these items and they were of some value.
and
Another claim is that Tenochtitlan was a center for goods. The image shows what sorts of goods were sent their from neighboring cities.
How did Charlemagne differ from his predecessors?
He established a democratic government in his kingdom. He refused to swear allegiance to the Pope. He placed a large territory under a single, central authority.
or
transformed the nature of kingship in Early Medieval Europe He established a democratic government in his kingdom. He refused to swear allegiance to the Pope. He placed a large territory under a single, central authority.
or
he was responsible for uniting most of Europe under his rule by power of the sword, for helping to restore the Western Roman Empire and becoming its first emperor, and for facilitating a cultural and intellectual renaissance
Know the effects of interregional contact on the development of European culture and technology were impacted by the Crusades.
The crusades help to tell us about the Changing face of Europe during the high middle ages by moving into new lands and learning about new cultures and traditions as they went to new places. It tells us that Europe was constantly changing their political, economic, and social structures.
Good: They helped conquer new lands and spread Christianity. They led to more production because of how much they were using, as well as more interactions between nations, etc.
Bad: They made the taxes go up, there was a need for more goods and food, people died, etc.
or
expansion of kingdoms as well as the creation of brand-new political units
or
as they conquered new lands, they met new people, and exchanged goods and culture socially, politically, religiously, etc.
How was Feudalism a political system as well as a military system?
knight service, in the European feudal system, military duties performed in return for tenures of land. The military service might be required for wars or expeditions or merely for riding and escorting services or guarding the castle.
and
Feudalism is a political system where land – and therefore money and power – is exchanged for military service and loyalty.
Why did the Bubonic Plague and other diseases affect urban areas to a great extent in the Middle Ages?
Because of how many people it killed it took a turn for the worst. Faith in religion decreased after the plague, both because of the death of so many of the clergy and because of the failure of prayer to prevent sickness and death. The economy underwent abrupt and extreme inflation. Since it was so difficult (and dangerous) to procure goods through trade and to produce them, the prices of both goods produced locally and those imported from afar skyrocketed. Because of illness and death workers became exceedingly scarce, so even peasants felt the effects of the new rise in wages. The demand for people to work the land was so high that it threatened the manorial holdings. Serfs were no longer tied to one master; if one left the land, another lord would instantly hire them. The lords had to make changes in order to make the situation more profitable for the peasants and so keep them on their land. In general, wages outpaced prices and the standard of living was subsequently raised.
