Middle Ages and Americas Unit Study Guide 1st

Question 1

Carolingians

Answer 1

This dynasty is seen as the founders of France and Germany, and its beginning date is based on the crowning of Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, and ends with the death of Charles the Fat.

Question 2

Charlemagne

Answer 2

Son of Pepin the Short. Soon after becoming king, he conquered the Lombards (in present-day northern Italy), the Avars (in modern-day Austria and Hungary. Pope Leo III crowned him emperor of the Romans on December 25, 800 AD.

Question 3

Louis the Pious

Answer 3

Charlemagne’s son and successor. He became sole emperor when Charlemagne died in January 814.

Question 4

Feudal Nobles

Answer 4

Wealthy aristocrats who owned land and provided armies for Kings (or other rulers)

Question 5

Vassals

Answer 5

Men who would swear loyalty to a more a powerful lord.
In return for their soldiers and loyalty the greater lord would give land and protection

Question 6

Parish Priests

Answer 6

Local Priest who would: Administer the sacrament,Preach the Gospels,Guided people on issues regarding morality.

Question 7

The Benedictine Rule

Answer 7

A set of rules set up to govern the lives of monks in monasteries.
The rules were:
Obedience to the abbot or abbess.
Poverty.
Chastity.

Question 8

The Village Church

Answer 8

The social center of the middle ages. Prosperous communities built elaborate stone versions.

Question 9

Pope Gregory VII

Answer 9

Pope that outlawed marriage for priests and prohibited simony (the selling of Church offices) in 1073

Question 10

Vikings

Answer 10

A group of seafarers from Scandinavia that colonized and raided parts of Europe from about 793 AD through about 1066 AD.

Question 11

Mongols

Answer 11

Invaded Russia in 1236 and, by 1242, had conquered all the appendage principalities (like countries/states ruled by kings or smth). They founded a capital at Old Sarai and developed simple administrative system.

Question 12

Khanate of the Golden Horde

Answer 12

Mongol branch that ruled in Russia. Russian politics took the form of various local princes jockeying and groveling (trying hard and like wanting the support) for the support of the Mongol khan in order to advance their petty schemes

Question 13

Silkroad

Answer 13

Trade route between Western Europe and China that brought trade goods between the east and west including silk.

Question 14

Guilds

Answer 14

An association of merchants, craftsman, or artists

Question 15

Norman Conquest

Answer 15

William of Normandy with the backing of the Pope invaded England. In 1066 where he defeats King Harold and become the ruler of England.

Question 16

Bayeux Tapestry

Answer 16

An embroidered linen tapestry with colored woolen thread. Provides a unique record of the Battle of Hastings including weapons and clothing. The last panel is missing.

Question 17

“Domesday Book”

Answer 17

William the Conqueror’s book that listed every castle, field, and pigpen in England. Revolutionized tax collecting in Medieval England.

Question 18

Magna Carta

Answer 18

Legal document that gave the Nobles rights in court and made clear that the king must obey the law.

Question 19

Parliament

Answer 19

Started as the great council of nobles that among other things
approved money for wars. Edward I expanded it to include the “common people”

Question 20

Holy Roman Empire

Answer 20

A loosely federated central European political entity that began with the coronation of the German king Otto I as the first emperor in 962. The empire was long troubled, first by the conflict between papal and civil authority and later by religious strife and political fragmentation.

Question 21

Otto I

Answer 21

defended the Pope in Italy and was given the title of Holy Roman Emperor. (Duke of Saxony and later King of Germany)

Question 22

Investiture Crisis

Answer 22

Debate between the Pope and Kings over who had the right to name Bishops to positions in a given territory.

Question 23

Investiture

Answer 23

In ecclesiastical law, an elected cleric received the pastoral ring and staff (the symbols of spiritual office) signifying the transfer of the office. After the oath of fealty, the lord “invested” the vassal with the fief, usually by giving him some symbol of the land or office transferred.

or (i have no idea)

the ability of secular rulers to appoint (or “invest”) individuals in church positions.

Question 24

Pope Gregory VII

Answer 24

Fought with Emperor Henry IV over the right to name Bishops to position in Germany (Holy Roman Empire)

Question 25

Emperor Henry IV

Answer 25

Fought with Pope Gregory VII over the right to name Bishops to position in Germany (Holy Roman Empire). Pope Gregory excommunicated him, freeing his subjects from their allegiance to the emperor. He crossed the Alps “with bare feet and clad only in a wretched woolen garment,” he presented himself to the Pope as a repented sinner.

Question 26

Concordat of Worms

Answer 26

In 1122 both sides agreed to a compromise. The Pope had the right to appoint clergy while the King had the right to invest fiefs. (land)

Question 27

Pope Innocent III

Answer 27

led a crusade against the simple Christians called the Albigensians. Known as one of the strongest pope’s in history.

Question 28

Pope Urban II

Answer 28

Called on the knights of Christendom to join a crusade to save Constantinople, Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim Turks.

Question 29

Bubonic Plague

Answer 29

Epidemic disease that was spread by flees carried by rats. Known for causing sores among other symptoms. One third to one half the population of Europe died of the Plague within the next few years.

Question 30

Gregory XII

Answer 30

Pope in Rome at the Council of Constance. He agreed to abdicate, provided that he was permitted, officially to call the council back later to which the council agreed.

idk what that means so here’s my interpretation:
Roman Pope who stepped down after he was allowed to convoke a council at Constance

Question 31

Joan of Arc

Answer 31

A 17 year old peasant woman. She convinced the French King to let her lead the army because she was sent by God to save France. She won many victories for France before being captured and executed by the English. In 1431 she was burned as a witch at Rouen, France.

Question 32

Henry VI

Answer 32

English King who was crowned King of France in Paris. Under his incompetent rule, France whittles away at English holdings in France.

Question 33

The Viking Age

Answer 33

The years between 793-1066 during which the Vikings colonized other parts of Europe and areas around North America

Question 34

Manorialism

Answer 34

the name for the organization of the economy in the Middle Ages. The economy relied mainly on agriculture.

Question 35

Feudalism

Answer 35

System that was implemented to provide protection to lesser lords and peasants after Viking invasions.
It was an economic, political, and social system in which protection was repaid by land or labor.

Question 36

Chivalry

Answer 36

Code of conduct for nobles

Question 37

Guilds

Answer 37

is an association of merchants, craftsman, or artists. (Like a Union)
They dominated town life and one could not work a trade without being a member.

Question 38

Cathedral Schools

Answer 38

Schools based in cathedrals
Curriculum of Latin writings
Literature, philosophy, some law, medicine, theology
Best form of education in the Middle Ages

Question 39

Medieval Universities

Answer 39

Academic guilds formed in 12th century
Both student and faculty organizations
Higher standards of education promoted
Treatment of students in town was a major source of concern

Question 40

First Crusades

Answer 40

Captures Jerusalem, largely due to poor Muslim organization

Question 41

Saladin

Answer 41

Muslim ruler who was tolerant and forbade his soldiers to kill, harm or steal from defeated crusaders.

Question 42

William the Conqueror

Answer 42

with the backing of the Pope invades England in 1066 where he defeats King Harold in events called the Norman Invasion

Question 43

Frederick Barbarossa ( Red Beard)

Answer 43

Attempt to absorb Lombardy (northern Italy)
Popes did not want him to gain that much power, enlisted aid from other states

Question 44

How did the Bubonic Plague change the situation of Middle Ages Peasants?

Answer 44

Due to the fact that so many had died, there were far fewer people to work the land: peasants were therefore able to demand better conditions and higher wages from their landlords. Many advanced to higher positions in society. Thus the Black Death was ultimately responsible for major shifts in the social structure.

Question 45

On Christmas Day 800, Charlemagne received the imperial crown and the title of ________ from Pope Leo III.

Answer 45

emperor of the Romans

Question 46

How did Trade Guilds impact economic development in Medieval towns and cities?

Answer 46

led to increased productivity, increased wages, and higher standards of living. Guilds became a major source of employment for workers in cities, and guild membership was widespread

Question 47

Peasant revolts against taxation and coercive labor systems were facilitated by what events in the Middle Ages?

Answer 47

low pay, the introduction of a poll tax, long term impact of the Black Death; the impact of the Statute of Labourers; the land ties that remained in place to feudal lords and to the church

Question 48

The Byzantine emperors deeply resented—as an affront to their dignity—the pope’s imperial coronation in the year 800 of this Frankish king; who was he?

Answer 48

Charlemagne

Question 49

Justinian’s most important and long-lasting political achievement was his?

Answer 49

codification of Roman law and rebuilding of Constantinople after it was destroyed by riots and fire (hagia sophia)

Question 50

The incredibly important relationship that formed much of the core of feudalism was between__________?

Answer 50

lord and retainers

Question 51

What was the Manorial system, and how did it impact Middle Ages economics and societies?

Answer 51

a system of agricultural estates in the Middle Ages, owned by a Lord and run by serfs or peasants. The Lords provided safety and protection from outside threats and the serfs or peasants provided labor to run the manor.

The manorial system was the most convenient device for organizing the estates of the aristocracy and the clergy in the Middle Ages in Europe, and it made feudalism possible.

Question 52

Explain ONE way in which the Aztecs or Incas interacted with the environment in order to sustain large populations.

Answer 52

inca
The Inca used irrigation and terraces cut into the mountainsides of the Andes to produce food on a massive scale. Their efficient system of roads was able to keep populations in line, collect taxes efficiently, and move goods, messages, and military resources across such a varied landscape.

aztec
Chinampas, or floating gardens, provided the food necessary to sustain the Aztec empire. They consisted of human-made islands where crops could be grown. Food staples included maize, squash, and beans.

or
both but not as good

agricultural inventions and technologies. They created floating gardens for more places to grow food. They built dikes to hold back water in the swampy areas, to free up land for agriculture and building. They built their beautiful capital city on a swamp, thanks to the skills of their engineers. They had coastal sea routes. They terraced the steep land for farming, created sturdily built cities on mountain tops, innovative canal systems that fed their cities and crops, and road systems that could traverse the rough country they ruled.

Question 53

Identify and explain TWO historical claims about the Aztec state that can be supported based on the image

Answer 53

One historical claim about the Aztec state is that they strongly valued luxurious goods. With the gems, feathers, jaguar pelts, and cacao it appears as if the favored very elaborate things.
or
The image supports the claim that Aztecs used jaguar pelts, gems, feathers, and more because it shows that the Aztecs had certain uses for these items and they were of some value.

and

Another claim is that Tenochtitlan was a center for goods. The image shows what sorts of goods were sent their from neighboring cities.

Question 54

How did Charlemagne differ from his predecessors?

Answer 54

He established a democratic government in his kingdom. He refused to swear allegiance to the Pope. He placed a large territory under a single, central authority.

or

transformed the nature of kingship in Early Medieval Europe He established a democratic government in his kingdom. He refused to swear allegiance to the Pope. He placed a large territory under a single, central authority.

or

he was responsible for uniting most of Europe under his rule by power of the sword, for helping to restore the Western Roman Empire and becoming its first emperor, and for facilitating a cultural and intellectual renaissance

Question 55

Know the effects of interregional contact on the development of European culture and technology were impacted by the Crusades.

Answer 55

The crusades help to tell us about the Changing face of Europe during the high middle ages by moving into new lands and learning about new cultures and traditions as they went to new places. It tells us that Europe was constantly changing their political, economic, and social structures.

Good: They helped conquer new lands and spread Christianity. They led to more production because of how much they were using, as well as more interactions between nations, etc.

Bad: They made the taxes go up, there was a need for more goods and food, people died, etc.

or
expansion of kingdoms as well as the creation of brand-new political units

or

as they conquered new lands, they met new people, and exchanged goods and culture socially, politically, religiously, etc.

Question 56

How was Feudalism a political system as well as a military system?

Answer 56

knight service, in the European feudal system, military duties performed in return for tenures of land. The military service might be required for wars or expeditions or merely for riding and escorting services or guarding the castle.

and

Feudalism is a political system where land – and therefore money and power – is exchanged for military service and loyalty.

Question 57

Why did the Bubonic Plague and other diseases affect urban areas to a great extent in the Middle Ages?

Answer 57

Because of how many people it killed it took a turn for the worst. Faith in religion decreased after the plague, both because of the death of so many of the clergy and because of the failure of prayer to prevent sickness and death. The economy underwent abrupt and extreme inflation. Since it was so difficult (and dangerous) to procure goods through trade and to produce them, the prices of both goods produced locally and those imported from afar skyrocketed. Because of illness and death workers became exceedingly scarce, so even peasants felt the effects of the new rise in wages. The demand for people to work the land was so high that it threatened the manorial holdings. Serfs were no longer tied to one master; if one left the land, another lord would instantly hire them. The lords had to make changes in order to make the situation more profitable for the peasants and so keep them on their land. In general, wages outpaced prices and the standard of living was subsequently raised.