Gunpowder Empires Mastery Check Study Guide Fall 2022 Flashcards
What accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century?
The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.
Describe a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals
What contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire’s successful expansion in Europe and the Middle East in the period from 1450 to 1600 ?
The Ottomans’ adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology
What factors contributed most to Manchu expansion in Asia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
The use of cannons and gunpowder
Know the Afro-Eurasian Trade routes and who traveled along them?
The Ottoman Empire was located at the intersections of major trading routes.
The Safavid Empire had an ideal geographic location for trade, with a long coastline between Arabia and India. A major export of the Safavid Empire was its raw silk and silk textiles.
Mughals: Rice, textiles, tobacco, and metals were some of the items exported by the empire. Common imports included spices, sugar, oil, horses, and textiles from Asian countries.
Qing China had an incredibly favorable balance of trade with Western countries, meaning China exported way more than it imported. The most important foreign good China imported was not a good at all but a currency: silver, to be exact. As China exported goods, silver flooded the Chinese market.
Which imperial expansions was most similar to those of the Ottoman and Mughal Empires?
The Manchu Empire in East Asia
The activities represented in the image best reflect the emperor Akbar’s attempts to unify his empire through
limited amounts of religious toleration.
emphasis on loyalty to the emperor.
The status of religious minority communities in Islamic empires was most directly connected to what taxes and government policies?
The required payment of a special tax to the state
One direct long-term effect of Akbar’s religious policies was….What?
a backlash from Muslim clerics based on an ultra-conservative movement.
The Dīn-i-Ilāhī, known during its time as Tawḥīd-i-Ilāhī or Divine Faith, was a new syncretic religion or spiritual leadership program propounded by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582…ultimately did not catch on and disappeard after his Death.
The Mughal ruler who constructed the Taj Mahal was?
Shah Jahan
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires were all..what (know the similarities of the empires)
Islamic
The Ottoman institution that provided Balkan slaves for the formation of the Janissaries was the?
Devshirme
The Ottoman ruler who captured Constantinople was…?
Mehmet the Conqueror
The leader of the fully revitalized Safavid empire, who moved the capital to the central location of Isfahan, was…?
Shah Abbas
Which rulers displayed the greatest amount of religious toleration?
Akbar
Akbar’s answer to the religious diversity and tension of India was to?
encourage a syncretic religion called the “divine faith” that all could embrace.
The Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb, did what?
reversed the religious toleration of Akbar and began to tax the Hindus.
Sikhism is a combination of what religions?
Hinduism and Islam.
The jizya was the tax paid by who?
non-Muslims as the price for retaining their religion in an Islamic country.
what are the three gunpowder empires?
ottomans-turkey, safavids- persia, mughals-india
as powers emerged …
turkish, persian, mongol, & arab ways of life blended. RESULT - flowering of islamic culture that peaked in 16th century
all three muslim empires based authority on what?
islam. based power on strong armies, advanced technology, & loyal administrative officers
nomadic turkish conquerors
all from turkic nomadic cultures
absolute monarchs
autocratic rule
The peak of Islam’s political and military power
Imperial family politics often involved deadly competition
Influence of women within the Imperial family
in spite of lack of public power for women
tamerlane
(1336-1405) “Timur, the Lame”
Osman I (Osman Bey)
1299-1326
Mehmet II (1451-1481)
leader of the Ottoman Empire (Turks), he conquered Constantinople (from the Byzantines), took it as their own capitol and renamed it Istanbul.
Fall of Constantinople in 1453 brought end to the Byzantine Empire
Ottomans immediately began restoring the city. The Ottomans made the city their capital renaming it Istanbul
Ottomans attacked Constantinople & conquered the Byzantine Empire
1453
Mehmet II: 1451-1481(“The Conqueror”)
Mehmet was well known for his cruelty…some estimates reach 30,000 deaths per year that he was responsible for!!!
Ottoman rule spread across North Africa though by 1600’s
attempts to penetrate Eastern Europe were stymied by the Hungarians
Selim I
“the Grim”
Ghulam (Kul)
a slave
ghulam (Kul
-An old Muslim tradition
-By definition, the slave was a non-Muslim
-Educated and trained for state service
-Similar to the Mameluk system (Egypt - slaves fought for Saladin)
Ghulam System
were slave-soldiers and/or mercenaries in the armies throughout the Islamic world, such as the Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires. Islamic states from the early 9th century to the early 19th century consistently deployed slaves as soldiers, a phenomenon that was very rare outside of the Islamic world
-Those not selected for the palace school
*Converted to Islam, worked for rural Turkish farmers
*Learned vernacular Turkish, folk Islamic culture
*Became sultan’s elite infantry: Janissaries.
Leaders in the Millet System
-Was headed by its own religious dignitary
*Chief rabbi in the case of the Jews
*Patriarchs for the Greek Orthodox, Armenian communities
-Heads of millet were responsible to Turkish sultan to do?
*Advised sultan on affairs in the community
*Was punished by sultan for problems of the community
*In the millet system
-Each community was responsible for
*The allocation and collection of its taxes
*Its educational arrangements
*Internal legal matters pertaining to marriage, divorce, inheritance
sultans
Ottoman rulers & they governed with absolute power
Sulieman the Magnificent
Ottoman Turk leader who modernized the army and conquered many new lands, and extended the Ottoman empire in the mid 16th century
The Decline of the Ottoman Empire
To maintain their power against rivals, Suleiman & other Ottoman sultans executed their brothers & jailed their sons which led to progressively weaker leaders.
By the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the Ottoman Empire was so weak it was known as the
“sick man of Europe”
At the battle of Chaldiran in 1514,
-Sunni Ottomans persecuted Shiites within Ottoman empire
-Qizilbash considered firearms unmanly; lost battle
Shah Abbas the Great (1588-1629)
gave new life to the Safavid empire
modernized military; sought European alliances against Ottomans
new capital at Isfahan; centralized administration
Safavid Empire
Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi’ite state.
Shah Ismail
1487 CE. Founder of the Safavid Empire, made Twelved Shiism the official religion of the empire and imposed it among his Sunni subjects.
Unlike the Ottomans who were Sunni Muslims the Safavid were?
Shi’a Islam & strictly converted the people they conquered
shahs
Safavid rulers using the Persian title for king
The Decline of the Safavid Empire
Like the Ottomans, Shah Abbas blinded or killed his most capable sons in order to keep power. As a result, weak leaders led to a rapid decline of the Safavid Empire. While the Ottoman Empire lasted until 1922, the Safavid Empire fell in 1747.
Mughals
were Muslims who descended from Turks, Afghans, & Mongols living in central Asia
.Mughal Empire
1526…Founded by Babur, a Muslim, who claimed to descend from Tamerlane and Genghis Khan
Babur
First sultan of the Mughal Empire; took lots of land in India.
Devshirme
The Ottoman practice of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their Balkan Christian subjects.
the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.
The Decline of the Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire grew weak by 1700 as kings spent too much money on palaces & war. In addition, the large population of Hindus in India began to revolt against their Muslim rulers
Taj Mahal
beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife
Aurangzeb
Under his emperorship, the Mughals reached their greatest extent with their territory spanning nearly the entirety of South Asia.
Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar ‘the Great’, under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.
Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth.
Battle of Lepanto
Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope
Battle of Mohacs
a battle between the Ottomans led by Suleyman the Magnificent and the King of Hungary and his troops. The outcome was: Suleyman capturing Belgrade and killed/defeated the king of Hungary.
Isfahan
Persian capital from the 16th to 18th centuries under the Safavid Empire. Still a major cultural center of Iran today.
Safavid Art
No European influence, vibrant color
Mughal -Rajput Wars
battles fought between the Rajput Confederacy and the Mughal Empire which started with the Timurid ruler Babur’s invasion of northwestern India
Nurhaci
architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing
The Basilica
offered to the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, who ordered the cannon built after learning that it could smash through walls using a large projectile.[4][3] When it was completed, the cannon was used by the Ottoman Army during the fall of Constantinople and played a key role in damaging the Walls of Constantinople in 1453
Dardanelles Cannon
throwing 1000-pound marble with a range of 1 mile. Accuracy was achieved by using wadded shots wrapped in sheepskin with ready-measured stacks of powder. Unlike the European powder, the Ottoman powder is thought to be better for upon firing; it produced white smoke rather than black smoke.
