Gunpowder Empires Mastery Check Study Guide Fall 2022

Question 1

What accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century?

Answer 1

The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.

Question 2

Describe a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

Answer 2

Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals

Question 3

What contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire’s successful expansion in Europe and the Middle East in the period from 1450 to 1600 ?

Answer 3

The Ottomans’ adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology

Question 4

What factors contributed most to Manchu expansion in Asia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Answer 4

The use of cannons and gunpowder

Question 5

Know the Afro-Eurasian Trade routes and who traveled along them?

Answer 5

The Ottoman Empire was located at the intersections of major trading routes.

The Safavid Empire had an ideal geographic location for trade, with a long coastline between Arabia and India. A major export of the Safavid Empire was its raw silk and silk textiles.

Mughals: Rice, textiles, tobacco, and metals were some of the items exported by the empire. Common imports included spices, sugar, oil, horses, and textiles from Asian countries.

Qing China had an incredibly favorable balance of trade with Western countries, meaning China exported way more than it imported. The most important foreign good China imported was not a good at all but a currency: silver, to be exact. As China exported goods, silver flooded the Chinese market.

Question 6

Which imperial expansions was most similar to those of the Ottoman and Mughal Empires?

Answer 6

The Manchu Empire in East Asia

Question 7

The activities represented in the image best reflect the emperor Akbar’s attempts to unify his empire through

Answer 7

limited amounts of religious toleration.
emphasis on loyalty to the emperor.

Question 8

The status of religious minority communities in Islamic empires was most directly connected to what taxes and government policies?

Answer 8

The required payment of a special tax to the state

Question 9

One direct long-term effect of Akbar’s religious policies was….What?

Answer 9

a backlash from Muslim clerics based on an ultra-conservative movement.
The Dīn-i-Ilāhī, known during its time as Tawḥīd-i-Ilāhī or Divine Faith, was a new syncretic religion or spiritual leadership program propounded by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582…ultimately did not catch on and disappeard after his Death.

Question 10

The Mughal ruler who constructed the Taj Mahal was?

Answer 10

Shah Jahan

Question 11

The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires were all..what (know the similarities of the empires)

Answer 11

Islamic

Question 12

The Ottoman institution that provided Balkan slaves for the formation of the Janissaries was the?

Answer 12

Devshirme

Question 13

The Ottoman ruler who captured Constantinople was…?

Answer 13

Mehmet the Conqueror

Question 14

The leader of the fully revitalized Safavid empire, who moved the capital to the central location of Isfahan, was…?

Answer 14

Shah Abbas

Question 15

Which rulers displayed the greatest amount of religious toleration?

Answer 15

Akbar

Question 16

Akbar’s answer to the religious diversity and tension of India was to?

Answer 16

encourage a syncretic religion called the “divine faith” that all could embrace.

Question 17

The Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb, did what?

Answer 17

reversed the religious toleration of Akbar and began to tax the Hindus.

Question 18

Sikhism is a combination of what religions?

Answer 18

Hinduism and Islam.

Question 19

The jizya was the tax paid by who?

Answer 19

non-Muslims as the price for retaining their religion in an Islamic country.

Question 20

what are the three gunpowder empires?

Answer 20

ottomans-turkey, safavids- persia, mughals-india

Question 21

as powers emerged …

Answer 21

turkish, persian, mongol, & arab ways of life blended. RESULT - flowering of islamic culture that peaked in 16th century

Question 22

all three muslim empires based authority on what?

Answer 22

islam. based power on strong armies, advanced technology, & loyal administrative officers

Question 23

nomadic turkish conquerors

Answer 23

all from turkic nomadic cultures

Question 24

absolute monarchs

Answer 24

autocratic rule

Question 25

The peak of Islam's political and military power

Answer 25

Imperial family politics often involved deadly competition

Question 26

Influence of women within the Imperial family

Answer 26

in spite of lack of public power for women

Question 27

tamerlane

Answer 27

(1336-1405) "Timur, the Lame"

Question 28

Osman I (Osman Bey)

Answer 28

1299-1326

Question 29

Mehmet II (1451-1481)

Answer 29

leader of the Ottoman Empire (Turks), he conquered Constantinople (from the Byzantines), took it as their own capitol and renamed it Istanbul.

Question 30

Fall of Constantinople in 1453 brought end to the Byzantine Empire

Answer 30

Ottomans immediately began restoring the city. The Ottomans made the city their capital renaming it Istanbul

Question 31

Ottomans attacked Constantinople & conquered the Byzantine Empire

Answer 31

1453

Question 32

Mehmet II: 1451-1481("The Conqueror")

Answer 32

Mehmet was well known for his cruelty...some estimates reach 30,000 deaths per year that he was responsible for!!!

Question 33

Ottoman rule spread across North Africa though by 1600's

Answer 33

attempts to penetrate Eastern Europe were stymied by the Hungarians

Question 34

Selim I

Answer 34

"the Grim"

Question 35

Ghulam (Kul)

Answer 35

a slave

Question 36

ghulam (Kul

Answer 36

-An old Muslim tradition -By definition, the slave was a non-Muslim -Educated and trained for state service -Similar to the Mameluk system (Egypt - slaves fought for Saladin)

Question 37

Ghulam System

Answer 37

were slave-soldiers and/or mercenaries in the armies throughout the Islamic world, such as the Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires. Islamic states from the early 9th century to the early 19th century consistently deployed slaves as soldiers, a phenomenon that was very rare outside of the Islamic world

Question 38

-Those not selected for the palace school

Answer 38

*Converted to Islam, worked for rural Turkish farmers *Learned vernacular Turkish, folk Islamic culture *Became sultan's elite infantry: Janissaries.

Question 39

Leaders in the Millet System

Answer 39

-Was headed by its own religious dignitary *Chief rabbi in the case of the Jews *Patriarchs for the Greek Orthodox, Armenian communities

Question 40

-Heads of millet were responsible to Turkish sultan to do?

Answer 40

*Advised sultan on affairs in the community *Was punished by sultan for problems of the community

Question 41

*In the millet system

Answer 41

-Each community was responsible for *The allocation and collection of its taxes *Its educational arrangements *Internal legal matters pertaining to marriage, divorce, inheritance

Question 42

sultans

Answer 42

Ottoman rulers & they governed with absolute power

Question 43

Sulieman the Magnificent

Answer 43

Ottoman Turk leader who modernized the army and conquered many new lands, and extended the Ottoman empire in the mid 16th century

Question 44

The Decline of the Ottoman Empire

Answer 44

To maintain their power against rivals, Suleiman & other Ottoman sultans executed their brothers & jailed their sons which led to progressively weaker leaders.

Question 45

By the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the Ottoman Empire was so weak it was known as the

Answer 45

"sick man of Europe"

Question 46

At the battle of Chaldiran in 1514,

Answer 46

-Sunni Ottomans persecuted Shiites within Ottoman empire -Qizilbash considered firearms unmanly; lost battle

Question 47

Shah Abbas the Great (1588-1629)

Answer 47

gave new life to the Safavid empire modernized military; sought European alliances against Ottomans new capital at Isfahan; centralized administration

Question 48

Safavid Empire

Answer 48

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

Question 49

Shah Ismail

Answer 49

1487 CE. Founder of the Safavid Empire, made Twelved Shiism the official religion of the empire and imposed it among his Sunni subjects.

Question 50

Unlike the Ottomans who were Sunni Muslims the Safavid were?

Answer 50

Shi'a Islam & strictly converted the people they conquered

Question 51

shahs

Answer 51

Safavid rulers using the Persian title for king

Question 52

The Decline of the Safavid Empire

Answer 52

Like the Ottomans, Shah Abbas blinded or killed his most capable sons in order to keep power. As a result, weak leaders led to a rapid decline of the Safavid Empire. While the Ottoman Empire lasted until 1922, the Safavid Empire fell in 1747.

Question 53

Mughals

Answer 53

were Muslims who descended from Turks, Afghans, & Mongols living in central Asia

Question 54

.Mughal Empire

Answer 54

1526...Founded by Babur, a Muslim, who claimed to descend from Tamerlane and Genghis Khan

Question 55

Babur

Answer 55

First sultan of the Mughal Empire; took lots of land in India.

Question 56

Devshirme

Answer 56

The Ottoman practice of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their Balkan Christian subjects. the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.

Question 57

The Decline of the Mughal Empire

Answer 57

The Mughal Empire grew weak by 1700 as kings spent too much money on palaces & war. In addition, the large population of Hindus in India began to revolt against their Muslim rulers

Question 58

Taj Mahal

Answer 58

beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife

Question 59

Aurangzeb

Answer 59

Under his emperorship, the Mughals reached their greatest extent with their territory spanning nearly the entirety of South Asia. Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.

Question 60

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

Answer 60

Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth.

Question 61

Battle of Lepanto

Answer 61

Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope

Question 62

Battle of Mohacs

Answer 62

a battle between the Ottomans led by Suleyman the Magnificent and the King of Hungary and his troops. The outcome was: Suleyman capturing Belgrade and killed/defeated the king of Hungary.

Question 63

Isfahan

Answer 63

Persian capital from the 16th to 18th centuries under the Safavid Empire. Still a major cultural center of Iran today.

Question 64

Safavid Art

Answer 64

No European influence, vibrant color

Question 65

Mughal -Rajput Wars

Answer 65

battles fought between the Rajput Confederacy and the Mughal Empire which started with the Timurid ruler Babur's invasion of northwestern India

Question 66

Nurhaci

Answer 66

architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing

Question 67

The Basilica

Answer 67

offered to the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, who ordered the cannon built after learning that it could smash through walls using a large projectile.[4][3] When it was completed, the cannon was used by the Ottoman Army during the fall of Constantinople and played a key role in damaging the Walls of Constantinople in 1453

Question 68

Dardanelles Cannon

Answer 68

throwing 1000-pound marble with a range of 1 mile. Accuracy was achieved by using wadded shots wrapped in sheepskin with ready-measured stacks of powder. Unlike the European powder, the Ottoman powder is thought to be better for upon firing; it produced white smoke rather than black smoke.