Middle ages Flashcards
what was the symbol of the state? Who did Romans honour?
Gods
What assured toleration for all religions, who declared it and when
Edict of Milan, Constantine, 313 AD
what happened in the 1st century
Christianity started to spread in the Empire
why was christianity illegal for the first 2 centuries
Christians practices baptism and believed in Jesus who offered salvation
It required a moral life
Christians used Jewish sacred books and synagogues at first
They produced their own writings for teachings
who made christianity state religion
Theodosius
why did germanic tribes move
Some tribes were forced to move because they were defeated by other tribes or the Romans
Overpopulation, insufficient food
Some moved to better conditions of Roman Empire
what was one of the most important reasons of the transition from Ancient Times to Middle Ages
The great migration of the Germanic tribes
who lead the tribes
a chief – king = strongest, bravest male elected by the strongest families
what was the main reason for massive migration
arrival of the nomadic tribes 375 AD
where did these tribes settle
→ Angles, Saxons, Jutes
→Longobards, Ostrogots
→Visigots
→Vandals
→Franks
→Alamans, Bavarians. Markomans, Saxons
→Slavs
Angles, Saxons, Jutes - moved to British Islands
Longobards, Ostrogots → Italy
Visigots, → Spain
Vandals – north Africa, former Carthage
Franks settled down in France
Alamans, Bavarians. Markomans, Saxons → Austria, Germany
Slavs – central, Eastern Europe and Balkan
who destroyed roman empire and how
germanic tribes, roman military was exhausted after defeating huns
when did hun empire fall
after Attilas death
skibidi amonguss rizz livy dunn kevin g munting
name some facts about germanic kingdoms
➔ Did not last very long
➔ No geographical borders
➔ Germans were minorities and mostly merged with natives
➔ Most of the kingdoms adopted christianity
➔ Most enduring and stable kingdom was established by CLOVIS
➔ Converted to orthodox Christianity – this gave him support of Roman popes
➔ United other Frankish tribes and ruled over area = todays FRANCE
when did the western empire collapse
476 AD (germanic kingdoms were formed)
what are some changes caused by migration
➔ Disruption of trade = trade collapsed, economic centres abandoned
➔ Cities stopped being centres of administration, people moved to rural araes
➔ Decline of learning = Germanic tribes based on oral tradition, few invaders could read, only church officials were literate
➔ Loss of common Language = German speaking ppl mixed with natives, mostly Roman = French, Spanish, English formed
how long did the middle ages last and what are they divided into
from 5th to 15th cent.
- Early (Dark ages) = collapse of Roman Empire 476 – 11th/12th ct.
- High = 11th ct. – 14th ct.
- Late = 14th ct. – 1492 – Discovery of America by Columbus
what year did the middle ages end and what event is it tied to
1526, Battle of Mohacs
give examples of what happened in middle ages
- The intermediate period between antiquity and the Renaissance
- Formation of economic and spiritual foundations
- Shaping the foundations of today’s Europe
- Road network enabled long distance trade
- Progress in the economy – tools, technology, three-field system
- Craftsmanship = guilds
- Education improved, universities were established with the consent of the Pope
Why did italians call middle ages dark?
because nothing really significant happened
…were the only educated people
the privileged classes, later on the children of the townspeople
what liberal art were students educated in
grammar, retorics, arithmetics, dialectic, geometry, astonomy, musis
where were book transcribed
in monasteries (by hand)
what is feudalism
Social system that existed in Middle Ages
where did feudalism come from
the frankish kingdom
what did feudalistic system mean for common men
the king (lord) gave land to a poor person (vassal) in exchange for some services (mostly military)
how did the land hierarchy work
➢ Owner of all land in the country→ King
➢ He lent the land to his subjects as feudum = right to use a unit of land
➢ KING gave an area of land called FIFE to rich lords and nobles - in return they agreed to supply king with soldiers and horses
➢ The nobles gave some land to knights - in return they fought for nobles and king
➢ Peasants worked the land for the nobles and knights - in return they offered them protection
➢ According to the size of the land – King asked taxes
➢ Instead of regular taxes – also special at war, or marriage of daughter
how was the society divided
- the king
- nobility - knights and dukes
- clergy - archbishops, bishops, priests, monks
- commons - peasants and serfs
what two groups was nobility divided into
- upper nobility - those who inherited titles with extensive estates and slaves
- servant nobility - got their estates for services
what was the problem with clergy
all duties were left to the lower clergy while upper clergy were enjoying themselves in immoral ways
what was the priests income
tithe
when did the black death plague come to europe
1347
where did the plague come from and what part of europe was most affected
came from central asia (india, china), mainly western europe (started in italy)
what did the plague change
- reduced the population by a third
- villiges were abandoned
- price of labour rising
- unhappy people moved away
- tension building and revolts
- nobility was scared and started issuing many laws
describe the layout of towns in middle ages
➢ Square with market, stone church, townhall, well built stone houses
➢ Further from town centre – middle class houses – craftsmen
➢ Town schools, Christian universities
➢ Narrow, muddy, dirty streets = waste thrown out of windows
➢ No sewage, no public lights → dangerous
➢ Rats, mice → fleas → plague
➢ No running water, very poor hygiene, lice
name some facts about guilds
- merchants and craftsmen assosiations
- shoemakers, blacksmiths, bakers, tailors…
- no one outside the guild could practice particular trade
- skilled craftsmen taught the craft to children, they also used them for small jobs until they could master the craft
- specialized craftsmen started to settle near castles, monasteries, trade crossroads
name the royal rights
➢ Right to local self-government = own council with elected royal magistrate
➢ Market right – to have markets on many days not only SUN
➢ Mile right – no other craftsman could settle in a circle of 1 mile from town
➢ Right to mint coins
➢ Right to build City walls
➢ Brewing right – to brew beer
➢ Capital right – own justice with vulgar women or unruly craftsmen
when did the gothic style appear
10th century in France, 1200 - 1500
name some sybolic traits of gothic architecture
Slim pillars, pointed arches, large stained glass windows, ornate decorations
who built the tallest wooden gothic altar in the world and how tall was it
Majster Pavol z Levoče, 18.62m
name some facts about jew and their lives in the middle ages
➢ Blaming for the death of Jesus Christ
➢ Could not own land
➢ Could not do crafts
➢ Lived secluded in ghettos
➢ Only trade and illegal interest
➢ 13th ct → a yellow hat and a star
➢ Pursued by Christians for spreading of diseases
➢ Kings protected them bc they borrowed money
where did jews live
in towns
where did gypsies live
coutryside
where did gypsies come from and when did they come to europe
India, 14th - 15th century
