Habsburg Monarchy Flashcards
What were the main consequences of the Ottoman raids in Hungary during the 16th-17th century?
Fear of Turkish attacks, double taxation (paying to both the king and Ottomans), forced military obligations, and financial struggles for the Hungarian kingdom.
How did the Habsburgs consolidate their rule over Hungary?
They centralized power in Vienna, reduced the influence of local nobility, and directly controlled the army and administration.
What were the consequences of the Ottoman threat on migration?
Many people, including nobility and peasants, fled to Upper Hungary (now Slovakia), leading to ethnic tensions and administrative relocations.
What impact did the Ottoman threat have on agriculture?
Southern Slovakia was depopulated as peasants abandoned their land, leading to landlords taking over, but agricultural production declined.
How did mining towns suffer due to Ottoman and anti-Habsburg activities?
The wealth of mining towns attracted both Turks and rebellious nobility, leading to capital flight, state control of mines, and eventual economic decline despite technological advancements.
What role did the Counter-Reformation play in Hungary?
Led by the Catholic Church and supported by the Habsburgs, it focused on education and converting high nobility through Jesuit influence and the establishment of Trnava University (1635).
Which Habsburg monarchs ruled Hungary in the 16th-17th centuries?
Ferdinand I, Maximilian II, Rudolf II, Matthias, Ferdinand II, Ferdinand III, Leopold I, Joseph I, and Charles VI.
What was the Pragmatic Sanction (1713), and why was it important?
A decree by Charles VI allowing daughters to inherit the throne, securing succession for Maria Theresa. He spent his life getting it recognized.
How did Maria Theresa and Joseph II differ in their reforms?
Maria Theresa preferred gradual Catholic unification, while Joseph II pushed for rapid reforms, centralization, and German bureaucracy.
How did the rule of Charles VI change Hungary after 1711?
Hungary stabilized, migration shifted southward, and Charles VI ruled with the Hungarian Diet while issuing the Pragmatic Sanction.
What was the significance of the Battle of Mohács (1526)?
The Hungarian army was defeated by the Ottomans, King Louis II died without an heir, leading to a succession crisis and Ottoman invasions.
Who were the main contenders for the Hungarian throne after 1526?
Ferdinand I of Habsburg and John Zápolya, Voivode of Transylvania.
How was Hungary divided in the Treaty of Nagyvárad (1538)?
Royal Hungary (west and north, including Slovakia) was under Habsburg rule, while Zápolya ruled the eastern part. The treaty stated that after Zápolya’s death, the Habsburgs would inherit his lands.
What were the consequences of the Ottoman invasion in Hungary (1526–1699)?
Devastating raids, destruction of villages, forced taxation, capture of cities like Šahy and Fiľakovo, and large-scale enslavement of people.
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)?
It ended the Great Turkish War, and the Ottomans ceded most of Hungary, Croatia, and Slavonia to the Habsburgs, ending 150 years of Ottoman rule.
What were the key terms of the Treaty of Speyer (1570)?
John Sigismund renounced his claim to the Hungarian throne and was recognized as Prince of Transylvania, while Habsburg rulers retained the title ‘King of Hungary.’
What were the main causes of the anti-Habsburg uprisings (1604–1711)?
Resistance to Habsburg centralization, lack of Hungarian self-government, and religious oppression of Protestant nobility.
Who were the key leaders of the anti-Habsburg uprisings?
Stephen Bocskai (1604–1606), Gabriel Bethlen (1619–1622), George Rákóczi (1644–1645), Emeric Thököly (1678–1687), and Francis II Rákóczi (1703–1711).
What was the Peace of Szatmár (1711)?
A compromise between the Hungarian nobility and the Habsburgs: the nobility accepted Habsburg rule but retained their privileges.
How did the Ottoman raids affect Slovakian towns?
Towns like Hlohovec, Trnava, and Topoľčany were plundered, villages were burned, and thousands were taken captive.
How did Mehmed justify his attack on Royal Hungary?
His soldiers were dissatisfied and wanted loot after a long march, so he allowed them to raid Slovakian lands, burning towns and enslaving people.
What tactics did the Kuruc rebels use?
They forcibly recruited soldiers, looted villages, burned homes, and targeted civilians.
How did the imperial army treat Slovakian villages?
Similar to the Kuruc rebels, imperial troops often plundered villages and forced people to provide food and supplies.
Why were Hlohovec residents unable to pay taxes to the Ottomans?
Due to continuous raids and plundering, they lacked resources and means to fulfill Ottoman demands.
What were the main educational reforms of Maria Theresa?
She introduced the Ratio Educationis, Hungary’s first comprehensive educational reform, which made primary education compulsory for children (ages 6-12, including girls), standardized the curriculum, and expanded teacher training.
How did Joseph II continue Maria Theresa’s educational reforms?
He emphasized secular, state-controlled schools over religious institutions and promoted vocational and technical education to support economic modernization.
How did Maria Theresa approach religious tolerance?
She improved conditions for Protestants and Orthodox Christians, granting them limited freedoms, particularly in education and property rights, while maintaining Catholic dominance.
What was the Edict of Tolerance introduced by Joseph II?
It granted religious freedom to Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews, allowing them to build churches, hold public office, and establish schools, reducing the Catholic Church’s influence.
What social reforms did Maria Theresa implement for serfs?
She issued the Urbarium Decree, which regulated the relationship between serfs and landlords, setting limits on unpaid labor and defining land holdings to prevent abuse.
How did Joseph II address serfdom?
He granted serfs personal freedom, allowing them to marry, move freely, and choose professions without landlord permission, but feudal labor obligations (robot) remained.
What public health initiatives did Maria Theresa introduce?
She promoted smallpox vaccinations, improved sanitation in cities, and established hospitals.
How did Joseph II reform the legal system?
He reduced corporal punishment, abolished torture as an investigative tool, and ensured all people were equal before the law.
What administrative changes did Maria Theresa make in Hungary?
She centralized governance, integrating Hungary into the Habsburg Monarchy’s central administration in Vienna and reducing the Hungarian Diet’s autonomy.
How did Joseph II further centralize governance?
He abolished Hungary’s separate administrative structures, replacing them with centralized departments in Vienna, and made German the official administrative language, sparking resistance from the Hungarian nobility.
