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Middle Ages Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Middle Ages?

A

1100 - 1400 BCE

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2
Q

What is a motte?

A

It is a defensive mound of earth

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3
Q

What is the safest part of a motte & Bailey castle?

A

Keep

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4
Q

What was the name of the wooden fence around the motte & Bailey castle?

A

Palisade

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5
Q

What did a bridge do?

A

It connected the motte to the Bailey

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6
Q

What made it harder to reach the castle walls?

A

Moat

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7
Q

What is the Bailey?

A

It is the walled area ( by the palisade) where soldiers and animals lived

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8
Q

What was the name of the system society worked/ lived by in the Middle Ages?

A

The Feudal System

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9
Q

What was the Feudal System based on?

A

It was based on the allocation of land in return for services to the king

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10
Q

What was the name of the land that the king gave grants of?

A

Fief (a fief of land)

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11
Q

When barons & bishops got fiefs of land, what did the king get back in return?

A

He got a promise to supply him with soldiers in time of war.

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12
Q

What did a new noble pledge himself to be to the king?

A

His servant, his vassal.

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13
Q

What were the words of the oath a new noble pledged himself to the king?

A

“ Sire I have become your man”

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14
Q

How did the nobles get vassals?

A

The nobles gave the knights land, and in return they became the nobles vassal

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15
Q

Did feudalism stretch from the very bottom to the top of society?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Who were at the lowest part of the feudal system?

A

Peasants, they had few rights, little property and no vassals

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17
Q

What is a standing army?

A

A standing army is an army that is always ready to fight.

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18
Q

How many kings had enough funds to keep a standing army?

A

Few

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19
Q

Who depends on barons to provide knights and soldiers?

A

The King

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20
Q

In what countries did barons grow very powerful?

A

France and Germany

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21
Q

In France and German what did the barons do that was unheard of at that time ?

A

They governed their fiefs as independent states

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22
Q

Who were the most powerful and wealthy noblemen?

A

The Barons

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23
Q

When did William of Normandy conquer England?

A

1066

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24
Q

How many barons did William of Normandy have?

A

120

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25
Q

How many soldiers did the barons each provide the king?

A

5,000

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26
Q

Lords rented out most of their land to who?

A

The peasants, who worked for them

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27
Q

Who were the warriors of medieval society?

A

The Lords/ Knights

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28
Q

Who could be called to war at any time by the great nobles that granted them their fiefs

A

The Lords/ Knights

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29
Q

Who were expecting the world to end by the year 1000

A

Christians

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30
Q

What does papacy mean?

A

The popes

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31
Q

Serfs and children could not leave the manor without what?

A

The lords permission

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32
Q

What did the lord run that could levy fines?

A

He ran a manorial court

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33
Q

The lord charged his serfs to use his what?

A

His mill and his wine press

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34
Q

Men had to work how many days( per week) on the lords land?

A

3 days and on certain times of the year

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35
Q

How did peasants pay rent?

A

Money and goods

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36
Q

Peasants have to give mandatory what at the holidays?

A

They had to give mandatory gifts

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37
Q

If a man Chose to marry off his daughter, who did he pay?

A

He paid the lord

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38
Q

A surf paid a yearly fine if he did what?

A

He paid a yearly fine if he moved from the manor

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39
Q

What is manorialism?

A

A system of economic, social, and political organization based on the medieval manor

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40
Q

What is feudalism?

A

Feudalism describes the relationship between a lord and his vassals and the society itself

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41
Q

In the Middle Ages, what is the percentage of people that are serfs and who are lords?

A

10% lords & 90% peasants

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42
Q

Did medieval Europe have a mix of agricultural methods?

A

Yes

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43
Q

Where did most of the grain come from?

A

Most of the grain came from large manors with serfs who were unfree peasants who farmed the lands

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44
Q

What was a unit of economics, judicial and social organisation

A

The manor

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45
Q

What was a characteristic of southeast England, northern France, western Germany

A

A unit of economic, judicial and social organisations were common around these areas

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46
Q

Where did peasants live?

A

They lived in villages surrounded by fields

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47
Q

What type of houses did surfs live in?

A

They lived in stone houses with their extended family.

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48
Q

When stone was scarce what type of houses did they build?

A

They built A- frame houses with woven branches and clay ( wattle and daub )

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49
Q

What type of beds did they sleep on?

A

They slept on straw pallets

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50
Q

What was usually displayed in their rooms?

A

A crucifix

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51
Q

What did the surfs usually eat?

A

They usually ate grain with the addition of eggs, cheese,beans, oats, peas and a bit of meat ( mutton )

52
Q

What did surfs drink?

A

They drank either beer, wine or cider depending on where they lived.

53
Q

What does feudalism describe?

A

It describes the personal bonds among the elite society

54
Q

What does feudalism refer to

A

It refers to a patron/client relationship between 2 freeman

55
Q

What is a vassal?

A

A man who put himself under the protection of a lord in exchange for military aid

56
Q

Lord and vassal came from what type of society?

A

They came from upper-class society

57
Q

The vassal came to the aid of the the lord, what did the lord do for the vassal?

A

The lord came to the aid of the vassal

58
Q

Could a vassal revive fiefs from other lords?

A

Yes

59
Q

How many lieges/bosses did a vassal have?

A

He only has 1

60
Q

What did being boiled alive mean?

A

It means being put in a pot of boiling water, alive and being boiled to death.

61
Q

What is a brank?

A

A brank is a large iron framework placed on the head, forming a type of cage, there was a metal strip on the front that fit into the mouth, which was covered in spikes

62
Q

What is a ducking stool?

A

A ducking school is a stool that was placed over a body of water, if you floated you were guilty and burned at the stake. If they sank they were innocent but died anyway, by drowning.

63
Q

What does it mean to become whipped?

A

If you were whipped, you would be chained to a post, stripped to the waist and whipped

64
Q

What is the pillory?

A

The person being punished would have to stand in the device in the middle of the market to be ridiculed by passer-by’s

65
Q

What is beheading?

A

It is when your head is chopped up by an axe.

66
Q

What does it mean to be burnt at the stake?

A

Being attached to a pole and had a fire set underneath you.

67
Q

What does it mean to be hung?

A

To have a rope wrapped around your neck and your you only died when you stopped breathing

68
Q

What was a drunkards cloak?

A

The drunk was forced to don a barrel and wander throughout the street while the villagers jeered at him

69
Q

When was the famine of the 1300?

A

1315-1317

70
Q

By when were Europeans farming all the land that they could cultivate?

A

1300s

71
Q

Because the Europeans were farming a the land they could get their hands on what crisis occurred?

A

A population crisis occurred

72
Q

What change produced crop failure for 3 years?

A

Climate change, excessive rain

73
Q

What percentage of peasants died due to the crop failure?

A

15%

74
Q

What was a consequence of starvation and poverty?

A

Susceptibility to disease

75
Q

What were the symptoms of the plague?

A

First you feel a little poorly and then you really smell and then you start to spit some blood and you get bulbous bubble all around you, then you die.

76
Q

List the first 3 steps of the disease cycle.

A
  1. Flea drinks the rats blood that carries the bacteria.
  2. Bacteria multiply in the fleas blood.
  3. Fleas gut gets clogged with bacteria.
77
Q

List steps 4&5 of the disease cycle.

A
  1. Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.
  2. Human is infected.
78
Q

What was a famous saying during the plague?

A

The victim ate lunch with their friends and ate dinner with their ancestors

79
Q

What does the “ danse macabre “ mean?

A

The dance with death

80
Q

What were the attempts to stop the plague.

A

They include: doctors robes, leeching, flagellanti ( self harmers), they blamed the Jews, golden circle obligatory badge, Jew hat.

81
Q

What percentage of Europeans died during the plague?

A

35-75%

82
Q

Why did the baron have to ask the king for permission to build a castle?

A

He did this to prevent the nobles from gaining too much control/ power/influence.

83
Q

When did King Stephan rule?

A

1135-1154ce

84
Q

Why did the barons in 1135-1154 become so powerful?

A

They became so powerful because they didn’t have to ask for permission to build a castle

85
Q

When did Henry 2nd become king?

A

1154

86
Q

What king forced barons back into line?

A

Henry 2nd

87
Q

How many illegal castles were pulled down in 1154?

A

Over 300

88
Q

A castle was an obvious symbol of what?

A

It was an obvious symbol of the power and wealth and importance of the baron

89
Q

What, other than the barons house, was the castle?

A

It was strong protection for them, and the local people, in times of trouble.

90
Q

What are 3 adjectives used to describe the inside of castles?

A

Cold,dark and droughty

91
Q

What were the barons private quarters called ?

A

They were called solars

92
Q

What were solars ( private quarters ) like?

A

They were rich, lavish and colourful with tapestries on the walls

93
Q

What thickness and height were the walls?

A

They were 5-6 m thick and 12-13m high.

94
Q

What were the thin, narrow windows of a castle called?

A

Arrow slits

95
Q

What were the rooms like? Why?

A

They were dark, from the lack of windows & smokey from the fires and torches used to light the place( which wasn’t very effective)

96
Q

What were used to cover the arrow slits to prevent a drought

A

Tapestries

97
Q

What supply did castles have in case of being attacked.

A

Water

98
Q

What was a castles first line of defence

A

A moat, usually dry, sometimes filled with water

99
Q

What was the main part of a castle and a manor?

A

The great hall

100
Q

What type of table were meals served on?

A

Trestle tables.

101
Q

What were the floors covered in?

A

Rushes

102
Q

What did they do with the food they didn’t eat?

A

They threw the food on the floor for the dogs to eat

103
Q

How long would food stay on the floor?

A

A few weeks, they would rot and mould before they were changed

104
Q

What were the 8 defences that the defenders had?

A
  1. Moats
  2. Stored food and water
  3. Stone walls
  4. Machiolations
  5. Arrow slits
  6. Rocks , Fire and boiling water
  7. Catwalks for soldiers
  8. Keeps
105
Q

What were the 8 attacks the attackers had.

A
  1. Battering rams
  2. Ladders
  3. Trebuchet
  4. Stone throwers
  5. Belfries ( moveable towers)
  6. Mining
  7. Catapult/Ballistae
  8. Siege
106
Q

Who was the most important member of the feudal army

A

The knight was

107
Q

What was a knights main occupation?

A

His main occupation was fighting

108
Q

Who did a knight serve?

A

He served his master

109
Q

Who did a knight defend?

A

He defended Christianity

110
Q

What was the name of the set of rules sworn to all nights.

A

The Code of Chivalry

111
Q

What had emphasis on in the code of chivalry?

A

Courage, loyalty and dedication to duty

112
Q

Who did knights have to have courtesy and defend?

A

Women

113
Q

Who did knights protect?

A

They protected the poor, the weak and the needy.

114
Q

Where did the the Normans build the first castle?

A

England

115
Q

Who were the Normans biggest enemies?

A

The Saxons

116
Q

Which castles had to be built in a hurry?

A

Motte and Bailey castles

117
Q

What are the 5 strengths of a motte and bailey castle?

A
  1. Quick to build
  2. Ressources easily available
  3. Provided living quarters for people & animals
  4. Easily ( kind of ) defended
  5. Portable- flatpack castles
118
Q

List 3 weaknesses of a motte and bailey castle

A
  1. Wooden, easily burnt down, will rot.
  2. Labor intensive
  3. Bailey difficult to defend
119
Q

What does a fore-building do?

A

It protected the entrance to the keep

120
Q

What is a dormitory?

A

It is a place for women and children to sleep.

121
Q

What was stored in cellars?

A

Food, arms, ammunition and prisoners were stored in the cellars

122
Q

I what was the kitchen used for?

A

It was used for very basic cooking

123
Q

What was the Great Hall used for?

A

It was used for eating and meetings

124
Q

What was a square keeps strengths? (4)

A
  1. Impressive
  2. It’s a safe base to rule from
  3. Special features. Eg. Arrow slits
  4. Difficult to attack- thick walls, moats & drawbridge
125
Q

What were the square keeps weaknesses?

A
  1. Expensive to make
  2. Time consuming to build
  3. Immovable
  4. Not impregnable ( could be broken into)

History (10 decks)

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