Mid-Term Review

Question 1

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 1

A pressure applied to a solution to prevent osmosis. Stop the flow of water through a semi-permeable membrane

Question 2

Oncotic Pressure

Answer 2

pressure induced by protein (albumin) to pull fluids through a membrane.

Question 3

Hypertonic

Answer 3

Solute concentration is HIGHER (hyper) outside of the cell, thus a lower water concentration. causing higher water concentration inside the cell to flow out, causing crenation.

Question 4

Hypotonic

Answer 4

Solute concentration is LESS (hypo) outside of the cell, causing higher water concentration outside to flow inside to the cell causing lysis.

Question 5

Isotonic

Answer 5

equal water concentration inside and outside of the cell.

Question 6

Diffusion vs. Osmosis

Answer 6

Diffusion can occur in any mixture, including one that includes a semipermeable membrane, while osmosis always occurs across a semipermeable membrane.

Question 7

Types of Intracellular Transport

Question 8

Hypertrophy

Answer 8

increase in the size of a cell

Question 9

Atrophy

Answer 9

decrease in the size of a cell

Question 10

Hyperplasia

Answer 10

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

Question 11

Metaplasia

Answer 11

change of an adult cell from one type to another

Question 12

Fick Principle

Answer 12

Set of conditions necessary for oxygen transport
- Adequate concentration
- Appropriate movement across membrane
- Adequate # of RBCs
- Proper tissue perfusion
- Efficient offloading into tissue

Question 13

Acidosis

Answer 13

Buildup of carbon dioxide due to inadequate tissue perfusion

Question 14

Buffer Systems To Counteract pH changes

Answer 14

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate
Protein
Phosphate

Rate of action is immediate relative to others

Question 15

Dysplasia

Answer 15

abnormal or disordered cell growth

Question 16

What is Preload?

Answer 16

is the amount of blood that fills the ventricles immediately preceding contraction (systole).

Question 17

What is stroke volume?

Answer 17

the amount if blood, in milliliters, that is ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction

Question 18

Cardiac output

Answer 18

is determined by multiplying heart rate and stroke volume. the volume of blood circulated around the body in one minute and is approximately 4-6 liters

Question 19

How do you determine blood pressure.

Answer 19

determined by multiplying the cardiac output and the peripheral vascular resistance (i.e. so if a person is vasoconstricted, the heart has to generate much more force to eject the blood from the left ventricle…blood pressure will be higher)

Question 20

Osmosis

Answer 20

A special type of diffusion that involves moving water across a semi-permeable membrane.

Question 21

Diffusion

Answer 21

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. The overall effect is to equalize concentration throughout the medium.

Question 22

Restoring homeostasis during tissue injury

Answer 22

• Inflammation
• Regeneration

Question 23

Inflammation & Regeneration Process

Answer 23

1. Injury causes exposure to pathogens & toxins
2. Mast cell activation (Histamine & Heparin)
3. Inflammation
4. Removal of toxins and wastes (Phagocytosis)
5. Inflammation subsides
6. Regeneration (Fibroblasts)(Inhibits Mast Cells)

Question 24

Inflammation

Answer 24

-Increased Blood Flow
Increased Vessel Permeability (Swelling & Nutrient Delivery)
-Pain
-Tissue warms & reddens