Mid sem test Flashcards
What is prosocial behaviour?
Positively valued acts
What are the two forms of helping?
altruism
egoism
What is altruism?
helping to benefit others, no hidden motive
What is egoism?
helping to benefit others but also yourself
What are the 3 reasons people help?
- evolutionary psych
- 5 stages of helping
- additional explanations
What is evolutionary psychology?
We need to live in groups to survive
Helping behaviours are adapted to achieve this
What are the 3 components of evolutionary psych?
- kin selection
- reciprocal altruism
- neotenous features
What is kin selection?
we help others that are genetically similar because we want our genes to survive
What is reciprocal altruism?
- positive emotions we get from helping others reinforces the behaviour
- when someone does not reciprocate we feel moral aggression
what are neotenous features?
large forehead, small nose, small chin
signal helplessness
What are the 5 stages of helping?
NIRDH notice interpret responsibility decide help
What is the bystander effect?
as group size increases, helping decreases
What is bystander effect caused by?
- diffusion of responsibility
- audience inhibition
- social influence
When is the bystander effect more likely?
- unknown others
- no future interactions
- target is an out-group
How is bystander effect eliminated?
by perceived confidence - make people feel like they can help
What are some additional explanations of helping?
social norms
social modelling
mood
What is the norm of reciprocity?
we help others if they have helped us in the past
What is the norm of social responsibility?
we take care of those in need
What is social modelling?
we adopt the behaviour of others
How does mood effect helping?
helping gets rid of negative mood - linked to egoism
What is mediation?
HOW
the variable that explains why 2 variables are connected
What is moderation?
when and where an effect occurs
What is the independent variable?
the predictor
explains variability in the outcome
What is the dependant variable?
the outcome
what you are interested in
What is social influence?
a change in behaviour due to the real, imagined or implied presence of others
What are the 3 types of social influence?
- conformity
- compliance
- obedience
What is conformity?
adjusting behaviour to match norms
What is compliance?
changing behaviour at others’ request
What is obedience?
changing behaviour due to authority demands
What are 2 reasons for conforming?
- informational influence
2. normative influence
What is informational influence?
need to be correct
private
internalised
(think of dark room dot)
What is normative influence?
need to belong
public
not internalised
(think of line task)
What are the 3 compliance techniques?
- foot in the door
- door in the face
- pique technique
What is the foot in the door?
if you agree to a small request you are more likely to agree to a large one
What is the door in the face?
if you reject a large request you are more likely to accept a small request
What is the pique technique?
if you make an odd request, it disrupts the automatic refusal script
What are the 3 principles of social impact theory?
- f(strength x immediacy x number)
- psychosocial law
- decreases as targets increase
What are the intergroup attitudes?
feeling - prejudice thinking - stereotype
doing - discrimination
What is realistic conflict theory?
competition over scarce resources = conflict
What were the 3 stages of the robbers cave experiment?
- group attachment
- intergroup competition
- intergroup reconciliation
What is relative deprivation?
the subjective belief that you/your group are worse off than similar others
- combination of cognition and affect
What are the two types of deprivation?
- individual based deprivation
2. group based deprivation
What is individual based deprivation?
comparison between self and others
- internalised
What is group based deprivation?
comparison between ingroups and outgroups
- externalised
how does health correlate with individual based deprivation?
inc^ in IBD = negative implications on health
how does group based deprivation correlate with protest
GBD is a predictor for collective action of behalf of a group
What are the 4 main forms of protest?
exit - active, destructive voice - active, constructive loyalty - passive, constructive neglect - passive, destructive (EVLN)
What is the minimal group paradigm?
The idea that we dont need to see other group members/outgroup members to form bias
What is the social identity theory?
The idea that community identification is a huge part of who we are
- self esteem affected by intergroup comparisons
What is contact theory?
The idea that interacting with each other reduces biases
What conditions need to be present for contact theory to succeed?
- equality of status
- common goals
- intergroup cooperation
- authority support
What is the common in-group identity model?
The idea that contact creates a larger identity that encompasses both in and out groups (superordinate identity)
What is the need to belong?
The innate and evolutionary need to connect with others in social relationships
What are the health and psychological benefits of belonging?
improved cardiovascular, immune, mental health
What 4 factors make embarrassment occur?
- awareness of social expectations
- unwanted social predicament
- self conscious
- engage in impression management tactics
What are some physiological responses for embarrassment?
blushing
touching face/hair
speech disturbance
increase movement
Why does Darwin say that embarrassment evolved?
because of adaptive value in dealing with challenges in the environment
What does embarrassment do?
regulates behaviour to promote acceptance
What is embarrassment’s function achieved?
- regulation mechanism
2. non-verbal apology
What is the regulation mechanism?
- deters embarrassing behaviour
- motivates face saving strategies
What is a non-verbal apology?
involuntary responses that communicate that the individual cares about what the audience thinks and recognises norms
What are the results of these functions?
- audiences feel sympathetic
- reduces negative reactions
What is self esteem?
tied to how other perceive us
individual difference that may predict different outcomes
What is the self esteem sociometer?
how we monitor and react to how much others value us
- relational value underpins self esteem
What is state self esteem?
monitors current relational value
changes based on context and environment
What is trait self esteem?
the degree to which one is the sort of person who will be valued by groups
general across situations and people
What does negative state self esteem do?
- alerts possibility of social exclusion
2. motivates action towards social inclusion
What are Williams (1997) 3 stages of response to ostracism?
- reflexive - pain + threat
- reflective - does it matter?
- resigned - internalisation, long term consequences
What are self fulfilling prophecies?
the idea that expectations prompt specific behaviours
- people respond to cues by adjusting behaviour
How do people with low self esteem act in relationships?
conflict > rejection > threatened > self protection > punishing behaviour
What are some individual difference moderators?
- trait self esteem
- facebook use
- rejection sensitivity
- attachment orientation
- narcissism
What are some contextual moderators?
- control
- culture
- acceptance after rejection
What is the impact of facebook use on belonging?
Exclusion motivated facebook use
facebook buffers negative impact of rejection
What is rejection sensitivity?
experiences of rejection lead people to develop expectations of further rejection
How do narcissists respond to rejection?
- externalise blame
- react with anger
How does acceptance post rejection occur?
acknowledgement of a person improves satisfaction following an ostracism experience
What is a causal attribution?
any explanation given as a cause or a reason for a person’s behaviour
What are the continuums for causal attribution?
internal v external (yourself or environment)
stable v unstable (consistent or changing)
