For exam - Emily Flashcards
Why do we have the ‘need to belong’?
innate tendency that evolved because survival and reproduction depends on other
what are the effects of lack of social connection?
mental health disorders, health problems, higher mortality rates
what are the emotional implications for the need to belong?
accepted = happiness rejected = anxiety, guilt, shame, rejection
strongest emotions are linked to belongingness
what are the 4 steps in embarrassment?
- awareness of social expectations
- experience unwanted social predicament that is witnessed
- become worried about others’ evaluations - reduction in self esteem
- engage in management tactics to restore image
what are physiological responses to embarrassment?
blushing, high BP/HR/cortisol, touching face/moving, stuttering
what are the 2 functions of emotions
attainment of survival and reproduction
attaining resources
what are the 2 functions of embarrassment?
- regulation mechanism
2. non-verbal apology
how is embarrassment a regulation mechanism?
deters people from repeating behaviour
motivates face-saving strategies
how is embarrassment a non-verbal apology?
involuntary displays show the person fears others reduced evaluations, shares values, recognise broken norms, shows regret
how do displays of embarrassment help?
- people can identify cues of embarrassment?
- people usually supportive to embarrassed people
- reduces negative reaction to broken norms
what is self esteem?
evaluates how well we are fitting in with society, tied to how others perceive us
how is self esteem a sociometer?
measure relational value - the degree to which other people value their relationships with us as important
detects when relational value is under threat
what is state self esteem?
monitors current relational value, changes based on context and environment
what is trait self esteem
the degree to which one is the sort of person who generally will be valued by others - stable across situations
what is the effect of low self esteem?
- alerts possibility of social exclusion
2. motivates person towards social inclusion
what is self esteem?
psychological gauge by which we monitor how others appraise us
how do we get belonging after rejection?
- conform to new group
- enhance self regulation
- pay more attention to others’ attitudes/environment
what are the 3 stages of response to ostracism? (need threat model)
reflexive - pain
reflective - inclusion behaviours/aggression
resignation - long term consequences
what is a causal attribution?
any explanation that is given as a cause or a reason for person’s behaviour/experience
what are the attribution dimensions?
whether behaviour is attributed to internal/external, or stable/unstable cause
how does self esteem impact attribution?
low self esteem likely to attribute things more internally
blame good things on external/unstable things
what is williams’ ostracism theory? (5 stages)
- detect ostracism
- feel pain + threat
- reflect on ostracism
- attempt to cope
- internalisation
what are 4 individual difference moderators?
- trait self esteem
- social media
- rejection sensitivity
- narcissism
what are 3 contextual moderators?
- control
- culture
- acceptance post-rejection
what is a reflected appraisal?
self concepts derived through social interaction and how social world reacts to us
what is internalisation?
we internalise our perception of others’ thoughts and see ourselves as we think others see us
what does the mating game show?
social feedback received provides information regarding ‘level’ of socially valued attributes
what is the ideal standards model?
low consistency between our perception of partner and ideal causes
negative relationship evaluations
regulation attempts to change partner
what is the impact of regulation on a partner?
- partner recognises he does not meet standards - reflected appraisals
- questions his quality
- reduces self-perception + relationship satisfaction
what is a social identity?
meaningful categories that are accepted by individuals as descriptive of themselves and their group
how does social identity help with social rejection?
if we already have strong social identities, self esteem does not fluctuate as much through rejection
what is a stereotype?
beliefs about personalities, attitudes and behaviours of people based on the groups they belong to
what is stereotype threat?
threat that an individuals actions will be either
- evaluated according to negative stereotype
- confirm negative stereotype
what is domain avoidance?
using short term strategy of avoiding the domain to deal with stereotype threat
what is domain disidentification?
permanent strategy, eliminating domain - disidentifying completely
what are the effects of stereotype threat?
- stress response inhibits performance
- domain avoidance
- domain disidentification
what are 2 regulation strategies to deal with threat?
- emotional suppression
2. cognitive reappraisal
what is emotional supression?
individual consciously hides/inhibits emotions
what is cognitive reappraisal?
reinterpreting situation to minimise emotional impact
