Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 204 > For exam - Sam > Flashcards

For exam - Sam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the ABC of attitudes?

A

cognition - thoughts
affect - evaluation
behaviour - acting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

through which 3 ways are attitudes formed?

A

social learning
personal experience
mere exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the mere exposure effect?

A

people hold more positive attitudes to something they have seen before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the illusion of truth effect?

A

people hold more positive attitudes towards something they have seen many times before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

linking something new with something positive to create a positive attitude towards the new thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

attitudes associated with reward and punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is observational learning?

A

acquiring attitudes by observing others, trying to conform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the impressionable years hypothesis

A

the idea that people’s attitudes change the most in late adolescence/early adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are explicit attitudes?

A

attitudes we are aware of and can report to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are implicit attitudes?

A

attitudes we are unaware of, have less control over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which 2 things impact whether someone will act consistently with their attitudes?

A
  1. social context

2. attitude strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a situational constraint?

A

an influence on behaviour based on the likelihood that people around you will agree/disagree with your attitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is importance?

A

the amount of psychological significance a person places on an attitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is extremity?

A

attitudes that sit at the end of a continuum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is certainty?

A

how confident you are your attitude is correct?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when is certainty higher?

A
  1. when you have lots of knowledge
  2. when you know others agree
  3. if you repeat attitude often
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is accessibility?

A

how quickly an attitude can be retrieved from memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is spontaneous behaviour?

A

as events happen, we react quickly without thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is reasoned behaviour?

A

giving careful thought to attitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is perceived behavioural control?

A

whether you believe you can actually do it, impacts whether something becomes a behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which 3 techniques make up social learning?

A
  1. classical conditioning
  2. operant conditioning
  3. observational learning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are 4 roots maintain attitudes?

A
  1. vested interests
  2. personal identity
  3. social identity
  4. fears/phobias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is vested interests?

A

motivated to be more skeptical about findings if they conflict with how we live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is personal identity?

A

we want others to view us in positive ways, do this through expressing attitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is social identity?

A

expressing attitudes signals which group you belong to, gains acceptance
conforming attitudes to the group you belong to

26
Q

what is fears and phobias?

A

anti-science attitudes arise as a way to deal with fears/phobias

27
Q

what is confirmation bias?

A

using information in a way that will confirm your original belief

28
Q

confirmation bias 3 steps

A

search - supporting info only
interpret - in line with beliefs
avoid - inconsistent info

29
Q

what is prior attitude effect?

A

whatever you believe beforehand will be judged as a stronger argument

30
Q

what is counterarguing?

A

carefully process information that conflicts with out attitudes to come up with arguments against

31
Q

what is the elaboration likelihood model?

A

attitudes change depends on likelihood of elaborating on the argument

32
Q

what is elaboration?

A

thinking about something carefully, weighing up the facts

33
Q

what is high motivation

A

arguing with someone and they argue back
done when there is lots of knowledge/time/importance
persuasion hard

34
Q

what is low motivation

A

when we lack time/mental energy, people dont care about argument
easy to persuade

35
Q

what is heuristic processing

A

a mental shortcut to avoid thinking

36
Q

what is jiu-jitsu persuasion?

A

using opponents force against them

working with things that matter most to people to change their attitudes

37
Q

what is cognitive dissonance?

A

being aware our behaviour is inconsistent with attitudes

38
Q

what is the process of cognitive dissonance?

A
  1. experience CD (feel bad)
  2. justification for behaviour being inconsistent with attitudes
  3. no justification = change attitudes
39
Q

what is the less-leads-to-more effect?

A

less reasons or rewards for acting inconsistently with attitudes creates greater attitude change

40
Q

what is post-decisional dissonance?

A

rejecting a behaviour your like,

feel more positive toward option we chose after - changing our attitudes toward something

41
Q

what is subjective wellbeing?

A

our cognitive satisfaction with life

42
Q

why does SWB level off in terms of money?

A

happiness is when you can afford all the things you need in life, once you reach this the benefits wear off

43
Q

what is the easterlin paradox

A

although people are happier with more money (bc they can meet needs and have high relative income), they do not increase happiness for everyone due to relative income

44
Q

what is relative income?

A

how much money you earn relative to other people

equally important for SWB as how much we earn

45
Q

what is hedonic adaptation?

A

the idea that we have a stable baseline of wellbeing, it returns to original level after life events change it

46
Q

what is the hedonic treadmill?

A

SWB remains the same, pursuing happiness but remaining the same

47
Q

what is adaption theory?

A

people have a baseline they measure events against, events are positive or negative if they are unusual for them

48
Q

what are the 2 processes of adaption theory?

A

contrast

habituation

49
Q

what is contrast?

A

after a significant event, adaption level shifts and ordinary events are experienced differently

50
Q

what is habituation?

A

over time, excitement of significant event wears out and becomes baseline

51
Q

what is coasting?

A

withdrawing or increasing effort when deviating from adaption level

52
Q

what is set point theory?

A

most people are happy but everyone has a different set point, can change under some conditions

53
Q

what is the evolutionary perspective?

A

changing set point protects people from ‘prolonged emotional states’

54
Q

2 ways to prevent hedonic adaption

A

variety - different things to bring happiness

appreciation - gratefulness for what you have

55
Q

what is the replication crisis?

A

crisis where researchers have found the results of studies are not replicable when the study is attempted again

56
Q

how many studies in general are replicating?

A

50%

57
Q

what are some contributors to the replication crisis?

A

inferential statistics
false positives/negatives
publication bias

58
Q

what are inferential statistics?

A

using a small sample to infer the whole population

59
Q

what is publication bias?

A

only publishing significant results, significance tainted when can’t see negative results

60
Q

what contributes to ‘p-hacking’?

A

multiple dependent variables
dropping experimental conditions
more participants until significant effect
adding moderators

Psych 204 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions