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Psych 204 > For exam - Sam > Flashcards

For exam - Sam Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ABC of attitudes?

A

cognition - thoughts
affect - evaluation
behaviour - acting

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2
Q

through which 3 ways are attitudes formed?

A

social learning
personal experience
mere exposure

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3
Q

what is the mere exposure effect?

A

people hold more positive attitudes to something they have seen before

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4
Q

what is the illusion of truth effect?

A

people hold more positive attitudes towards something they have seen many times before

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5
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

linking something new with something positive to create a positive attitude towards the new thing

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6
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

attitudes associated with reward and punishment

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7
Q

what is observational learning?

A

acquiring attitudes by observing others, trying to conform

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8
Q

what is the impressionable years hypothesis

A

the idea that people’s attitudes change the most in late adolescence/early adulthood

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9
Q

what are explicit attitudes?

A

attitudes we are aware of and can report to others

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10
Q

what are implicit attitudes?

A

attitudes we are unaware of, have less control over

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11
Q

which 2 things impact whether someone will act consistently with their attitudes?

A
  1. social context

2. attitude strength

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12
Q

what is a situational constraint?

A

an influence on behaviour based on the likelihood that people around you will agree/disagree with your attitudes

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13
Q

what is importance?

A

the amount of psychological significance a person places on an attitude

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14
Q

what is extremity?

A

attitudes that sit at the end of a continuum

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15
Q

what is certainty?

A

how confident you are your attitude is correct?

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16
Q

when is certainty higher?

A
  1. when you have lots of knowledge
  2. when you know others agree
  3. if you repeat attitude often
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17
Q

what is accessibility?

A

how quickly an attitude can be retrieved from memory

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18
Q

what is spontaneous behaviour?

A

as events happen, we react quickly without thinking

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19
Q

what is reasoned behaviour?

A

giving careful thought to attitudes

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20
Q

what is perceived behavioural control?

A

whether you believe you can actually do it, impacts whether something becomes a behaviour

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21
Q

which 3 techniques make up social learning?

A
  1. classical conditioning
  2. operant conditioning
  3. observational learning
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22
Q

what are 4 roots maintain attitudes?

A
  1. vested interests
  2. personal identity
  3. social identity
  4. fears/phobias
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23
Q

what is vested interests?

A

motivated to be more skeptical about findings if they conflict with how we live

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24
Q

what is personal identity?

A

we want others to view us in positive ways, do this through expressing attitudes

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25
what is social identity?
expressing attitudes signals which group you belong to, gains acceptance conforming attitudes to the group you belong to
26
what is fears and phobias?
anti-science attitudes arise as a way to deal with fears/phobias
27
what is confirmation bias?
using information in a way that will confirm your original belief
28
confirmation bias 3 steps
search - supporting info only interpret - in line with beliefs avoid - inconsistent info
29
what is prior attitude effect?
whatever you believe beforehand will be judged as a stronger argument
30
what is counterarguing?
carefully process information that conflicts with out attitudes to come up with arguments against
31
what is the elaboration likelihood model?
attitudes change depends on likelihood of elaborating on the argument
32
what is elaboration?
thinking about something carefully, weighing up the facts
33
what is high motivation
arguing with someone and they argue back done when there is lots of knowledge/time/importance persuasion hard
34
what is low motivation
when we lack time/mental energy, people dont care about argument easy to persuade
35
what is heuristic processing
a mental shortcut to avoid thinking
36
what is jiu-jitsu persuasion?
using opponents force against them | working with things that matter most to people to change their attitudes
37
what is cognitive dissonance?
being aware our behaviour is inconsistent with attitudes
38
what is the process of cognitive dissonance?
1. experience CD (feel bad) 2. justification for behaviour being inconsistent with attitudes 3. no justification = change attitudes
39
what is the less-leads-to-more effect?
less reasons or rewards for acting inconsistently with attitudes creates greater attitude change
40
what is post-decisional dissonance?
rejecting a behaviour your like, | feel more positive toward option we chose after - changing our attitudes toward something
41
what is subjective wellbeing?
our cognitive satisfaction with life
42
why does SWB level off in terms of money?
happiness is when you can afford all the things you need in life, once you reach this the benefits wear off
43
what is the easterlin paradox
although people are happier with more money (bc they can meet needs and have high relative income), they do not increase happiness for everyone due to relative income
44
what is relative income?
how much money you earn relative to other people | equally important for SWB as how much we earn
45
what is hedonic adaptation?
the idea that we have a stable baseline of wellbeing, it returns to original level after life events change it
46
what is the hedonic treadmill?
SWB remains the same, pursuing happiness but remaining the same
47
what is adaption theory?
people have a baseline they measure events against, events are positive or negative if they are unusual for them
48
what are the 2 processes of adaption theory?
contrast | habituation
49
what is contrast?
after a significant event, adaption level shifts and ordinary events are experienced differently
50
what is habituation?
over time, excitement of significant event wears out and becomes baseline
51
what is coasting?
withdrawing or increasing effort when deviating from adaption level
52
what is set point theory?
most people are happy but everyone has a different set point, can change under some conditions
53
what is the evolutionary perspective?
changing set point protects people from 'prolonged emotional states'
54
2 ways to prevent hedonic adaption
variety - different things to bring happiness | appreciation - gratefulness for what you have
55
what is the replication crisis?
crisis where researchers have found the results of studies are not replicable when the study is attempted again
56
how many studies in general are replicating?
50%
57
what are some contributors to the replication crisis?
inferential statistics false positives/negatives publication bias
58
what are inferential statistics?
using a small sample to infer the whole population
59
what is publication bias?
only publishing significant results, significance tainted when can't see negative results
60
what contributes to 'p-hacking'?
multiple dependent variables dropping experimental conditions more participants until significant effect adding moderators

Psych 204 (6 decks)

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