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CLINICAL MICROSCOPY > Microscopic Analysis > Flashcards

Microscopic Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Microscope used for Routine UA

A

Bright-Field

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2
Q

Microscope used with LOW REFRACTIVE INDICES hyaline cast, mixed cellular cast, mucus threads, and Trichomonas

A

Phase-contrast

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3
Q

Microscope used for Cholesterol, oval fat bodies, fatty casts, and crystals

A

Polarizing Microscope

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4
Q

Microscope used for Treponema Pallidum

A

Dark-Field

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5
Q

Microscope used for naturally fluorescent microorganisms, or applied with fluorescent dye

A

Fluorescent Microscope

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6
Q

Microscope that provides 3-dimensional imaging, or layer by layer Image

A

Interference contrast

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7
Q

Bright field to Polarizing Microscope

A

add 2 filters
1. between light source and specimen
2. Analyzer filter: above specimen; between eyepiece and objective

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8
Q

Convert Bright to Dark Field

A

Add dark field condenser with opaque disk

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9
Q

2 types of Interference-Contrast Microscope

A
  1. Hoffman
  2. Nomarski
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10
Q

Interference-Contrast:

Modulation contrast

A

Hoffman

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11
Q

Interference-Contrast:

Differential

A

Nomarski

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12
Q

Interference-contrast Microscopes both adapt

A

Bright Field

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13
Q

Primary Components of Len System (4)

A
  1. Objective
  2. Ocular (Eyepiece)
  3. Coarse Adjustment Knob
  4. Fine Adjustment Knob
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14
Q

Primary Lens System:

Initial magnification

A

Objective

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15
Q

Primary Lens System:

FURTHER magnification and enhanced by objective

A

Ocular (Eyepiece)

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16
Q

Primary Lens System:

Move stage up and down

A

Coarse Adjustment Knob

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17
Q

Primary Lens System:

Sharpen image

A

Fine adjustment knob

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18
Q

Illumination System composed of (4)

A
  1. Light Source
  2. Condenser
  3. Aperture
  4. Field Diaphragm
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19
Q

Illumination System:

Found in Modern Microscope
contains RHEOSTAT to regulate intensity of Light

A

Light Source

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20
Q

Illumination System

Focuses light and control UNIFORM illlumination

A

Condenser

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21
Q

Illumination System

control AMOUNT OF LIGHT

A

Aperture (Iris)

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22
Q

Illumination System

Control DIAMETER of light beam

A

Field Diaphragm

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23
Q

Microscope BODY consist of (3)

A
  1. Base
  2. Body Tube
  3. Nosepiece
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24
Q

Delineates Nuclear and Cytoplasm structure

A

Sternheimer-Malbin

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25
Q

Sternheimer-Malbin consist of 2 stains:

A

Crystal Violet
Safranin O

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26
Q

Sternheimer-Malbin stains structures like

A

WEC

WBC
Epithelial cells
Cast

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27
Q

Stains that Differentiates WBC and RTE cells; stains Nuclear structure

A

Toluidine blue

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28
Q

Substitute for Toluidine blue

A

Acetic Acid

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29
Q

With Eccentric Nucleus

A

RTE cells

maaRTE

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30
Q

Stains for Lipid; neutral fats and triglycerides

A

Oil Red O
Sudan III

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31
Q

Stains for IRON

A

Prussian Blue Stain

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32
Q

Identifies yello-brown granules of Hemosiderin

A

Prussian blue

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33
Q

Simple stain that enhance nuclear details of EPITHELIAL CELLS

A

Methylene Blue

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34
Q

Yellow-brown granules that seen in cells and cast from episodes of HEMOGLOBINURIA

A

Hemosiderin

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35
Q

KOVA stain is

A

Modified Sternheimer-Malbin Stain

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36
Q

Used in Automatic Microscopy:

Stains DNA with ORANGE dye

A

Phenathridine

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37
Q

Used in Automatic Microscopy:

Stains GREEN; nuclear, MITOCHONDRIA, Negative cell membrane

A

Carbocyanine

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38
Q

Automated Microscopy used

A

Sysmex UF-100
UF-50 Urine Cell Analyzer

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39
Q

First procedure to be STANDARDIZED TO QUANTIFY FORMED ELEMENTS in urine

A

Addis Count

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40
Q

Addis Count is discovered by

A

Thomas Addis

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41
Q

Addis count:

Method of Collection
Preservative

A

12 hr urine
Formalin

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42
Q

Addis count quantifies (4)

A

RBC
WBC
Epithelial Cells
Cast

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43
Q

Addis Count Normal Values:

RBC

A

0 TO 500,000 RBC

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44
Q

Addis Count Normal Values:

WBC

A

0 to 1.8 M WBC

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45
Q

Addis Count Normal Values:

Hyaline Cast

A

0 to 5, 000 Hyaline Cast

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46
Q

Microscopic Examination: Specimen Preparation

Centrifuge

A

5 minutes
400 RCF

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47
Q

Microscopic Examination: Specimen Preparation

Fields to Examined
under what Objective (2)

A

10 FIELDS
LPO (10x) and HPO (40x)

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48
Q

Microscopic Examination: Specimen Preparation

Microscope properties to consider

A

Reduced Light in Bright Field Microscopy

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49
Q

Microscopic Examination

RFMoMA
Rare, Few, Moderate, Many:

= RFMoMa / HPF

A

RFMoMa / HPF

TTBYaN
Trichomonas
Transitional Epithelial Cells
Bacteria
Yeast
Normal Crystal

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50
Q

Microscopic Examination

RFMoMA
Rare, Few, Moderate, Many:

= RFMoMa / LPF

A

RFMoMa / LPF

*Squammy MuMu

Mucous Threads
Mucus secretion
Squamous Epithelial Cells

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51
Q

Microscopic Examination

AVERAGE / HPF

A

ROWR

RBC
Oval Fat Bodies
WBC
RTE cells

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52
Q

Microscopic Examination

AVERAGE / LPF

A

CastCrAb

Cast
Abnormal Crystal

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53
Q

Normal Findings

RBCs /HPF

A

0-2 or 0-3 RBC/ HPF

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54
Q

Normal Findings

WBCs /HPF

A

0-5 OR 0-8 WBC/HPF

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55
Q

Normal Findings

Hyaline Cast /LPF

A

0-3 Hyaline / LPF

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56
Q

Non-nucleated, biconcave disk

A

RBC cells

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57
Q

RBC appears in HYPERSTENURIC / HIGH SPECIFIC GRAVITY environment

A

Crenated

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58
Q

RBC appears in HYPOSTENURIC / DILUTED URINE environment

A

Ghost Cells

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59
Q

Dysmorphic RBC is clinically associated with

A

Glomerular Membrane Damage
(Acute Glomerulonephritis)

60
Q

RBC Sources of Error:

RBC is mistakenly identified as

A

Yeast Cells
Oil Droplets
Air Bubbles

61
Q

RBC Sources of Error Remedy

A

Use of Acetic Acid (lyse RBC)

62
Q

Presence of abundant amount of WBC in urine

A

Pyuria

63
Q

Larger than RBC

A

WBC

64
Q

Type of WBC that is seen in HYPOTONIC urine and exhibit Brownian Movement

A

Glitter Cell

65
Q

Stain used for WBC

A

Sternheimer-Malbin

66
Q

Sternheimer-Malbin stains

Glitter Cells

A

Light Blue

67
Q

Sternheimer-Malbin stains

Neutrophils

A

Violet

68
Q

Eosinophils >1% clinical significant

A

Acute Interstitial Nephritis

69
Q

Largest Cells found in Urine

A

Squamous Epithelial Cells

70
Q

Squamous Epithelials surrounded with coccobacillus

A

Clue cells

71
Q

Clue cells Clinical significant

A

Bacterial vaginosis / Vaginitis

72
Q

Clue cells is due to

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

73
Q

It is a type of Epithelial cells that has polyhedral, caudate, and in columnar shape with CENTRALLY located nucles

A

Transitional Epithelial Cells

74
Q

Small amount of Transitional Epithelial cells in urine is normal ; it is found in renal pelvis, bladder, urethra

f/t

A

TRUE

75
Q

Most clinically significant Epithelial Cells

A

Renal Tubular Cells

76
Q

Epithelial Cells that are rectangular, polyhedral, cuboidal/ columnar with ECCENTRIC NUCLEUS

A

Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells

77
Q

> 2 RTE / HPF

A

Tubular Injury

78
Q

It is a type RTE filled with Lipids

A

Oval Fat Bodies

79
Q

Oval Fat Bodies is clinically associated with

A

Nephrotic Syndrome

80
Q

Type of RTE cells that is a empty-filled vacuole

A

Bubble Cells

81
Q

Bubble cells is clinically associated with

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis

82
Q

It is used to detect UTI with the presence if WBC

A

Bacteria

83
Q

What should be tested in differentiating BACTERIA FROM AMORPHOUS URATES AND PHOSPHATE

A

Motility

84
Q

It is usually associated in patients with DM which secretes glucose in urine

A

Yeast

85
Q

Yeast may appear with or without buds

T/F

A

True

86
Q

Most Frequently encountered parasite in URINE

A

Trichomonas Vaginalis

87
Q

They have undulating memebrane, flagella and exhibits rapid Darting motility

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

88
Q

Preparation of urine to observe movement of T.vaginalis

A

Wet Preparation

89
Q

To avoid error in identifying T.vaginalis as RTE cells, WBC, Transitional, what kind of Microscope to be used

A

Phase-contrast

90
Q

Parasite seen in patient with BLADDER CANCER

A

Schistosoma haematobium

91
Q

Parasite associated with Hematuria

A

Schistosoma haematobium

92
Q

Parasite that is most common fecal contamination

A

Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm ova)

93
Q

Vaginal contaminant; seen in female urine after recent sexual intercourse

A

Spermatozoa

94
Q

No clinical significance; protein secreted by glands and ET cells of lower genitourinary tract RTE cells

A

Mucus

95
Q

Urine sediment that is UNIQUE TO KIDNEY

A

Cast

96
Q

Present of Cast in urine is known as

A

Cylinduria

97
Q

Major constituent of Cast

A

Tamm–Horsfall Protein (Uromodulin)

98
Q

Casts are formed in

A

DC
Distal convulated tube
Collecting ducts

99
Q

Cast are prone to located at the ___ of cover slip

A

Near Edges

100
Q

same clinical significance with cast but they are formed in ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE AND DISTAL CONVULATED TUBE that produce TAPERED ENDS

A

Cylindroids

101
Q

Most Frequently seen cast

A

Hyaline Cast

102
Q

Normal Hyaline Cast Report

A

0-2 Hyaline / Lpf

103
Q

Stain in Hyaline Cast

A

Sternheimer-Malbin
Pink

104
Q

Clinical Significance of Hyaline Cast

A

Glomerulonephritis
Pyelonephritis
Chronic Renal Disease
Congestive Heart Failure
Stress and Exercise

105
Q

Cast seen in damaged glomerulus; Glomerulonephritis

A

RBC cast

106
Q

Cast signifies inflammation and infection in nephrons

A

WBC Cast

107
Q

WBC Cast, WBC, Bacteria

A

Peylonephritis

108
Q

WBC, Bacteria

A

Cystitis

109
Q

WBC Cast

A

Acute interstitial nephritis

110
Q

Cast confirmed by Gram staining

A

Bacterial cast

111
Q

Cast associated with Heavy metals, and chemical/Drug Induced toxicity, viral infection, allograft rejection

A

Epithelial Cell Cast

112
Q

Epithelial Cell Cast Clinical Significance

A

Renal Tubular Damage

113
Q

Cast that may be pathologic or non-pathologic

A

Coarse / Fine Granular Cast

114
Q

Cast usually associated with Oval Fat Bodies and Free Fat Droplets

A

Fatty Cast

115
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome
Toxic Tubular Necrosis
Diabetes Mellitus
Crush Injuries

A

Fatty Cast

116
Q

Cast with Jagged ends, Notched, and fragmented seen in Chronic Renal failure

A

Waxy Cast

117
Q

Patient has Chronic Renal Failure and has stasis in urine

A

Waaxy Cast

118
Q

Known as the ‘Renal Failure Cast’

A

Broad Cast

119
Q

Extreme Urine Stasis
Renal Failure

A

Broad Cast

120
Q

Glomerulonephritis and Nephrotic Syndrome in same urine specimen

Abundant Granular, Waxy, and Broad Cast

A

Telescope Urine Sediment

121
Q

Telescope Urine Sediment is seen in patient with

A

Collagen Vascular Disease
Lupus Nephritis
Subacute Bacterial Infections

122
Q

ACIDIC URINE: Normal Crystals (3)

A

Amorphous urates
Uric Acid
Calcium Oxalate

123
Q

ACIDIC URINE: Normal Crystals

yellow-brown; brick dust
Pink sediment (when refrigerated)

A

Amorphous Urates

124
Q

ACIDIC URINE: Normal Crystals

This can be converted to Uric Acid upon addition with ACETIC ACID

Soluble to Alkali and Heat (60 deg C)

A

Amorphous Urates

125
Q

ACIDIC URINE: Normal Crystals

Rhombic, Whetstones, Lime-shaped
Looked Like Cystine Crystals

A

Uric Acid

126
Q

ACIDIC URINE: Normal Crystals

Seen in Patient with Leukemia that undergoes Chemotherapy

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

A

Uric Acid

127
Q

ACIDIC URINE: Normal Crystals

Uric Acid Crystal is soluble in

A

Alkali

128
Q

ACIDIC URINE: Normal Crystals

Crystals can be formed under Alkali, acidic, and Neutral pH

A

Calcium Oxalate

129
Q

ACIDIC URINE: Normal Crystals

Whedellite

A

Dihyrdrate
Most Common
Envelope / Pyrimidal

130
Q

ACIDIC URINE: Normal Crystals

Whewellite

A

Monohydrate
Less frequent
dumbell / Oval

131
Q

ACIDIC URINE: Normal Crystals

Majority Renal Calculi forms

A

CaOx

132
Q

ACIDIC URINE: Normal Crystals

CaOx Pathologic Significance

A

Etyhylene Glycol Poisoning (Dumbell, Monhydrate)

133
Q

ACIDIC URINE: Normal Crystals

CaOx is soluble in

A

dilute HCl

134
Q

ALKALINE URINE: Normal Crystals (5)

A

Amorphous Phosphates
Ammonium Biurate
Triple Phosphate
Calcium Phosphate
Calcium Carbonate

135
Q

ALKALINE URINE: Normal Crystals

Same as with Amorphous Urates
White Precipate that does not dissolve on warming

A

Ammonium phosphate

136
Q

ALKALINE URINE: Normal Crystals

Ammonium phosphate is soluble in

A

Dilute Acetic Acid

137
Q

ALKALINE URINE: Normal Crystals

Thorny apple; seen in Old Specimen; Urea Spitting Bacteria is present

A

Ammonium Biurate

138
Q

ALKALINE URINE: Normal Crystals

Converted to Uric Acid in the presence of GLACIAL ACETIC ACID, dissolved in Heat (60 Deg C)

A

Ammonium Biurate

139
Q

ALKALINE URINE: Normal Crystals

Also known as MAP (Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate); Struvites

Staghorn calculi

A

Triple PhosphateALKALINE URINE: Normal Crystals

140
Q

ALKALINE URINE: Normal Crystals

Coffin lid shaped
When disintegrated, appear Feathery Appearance
Highly Alkaline Urine (Urea-spitting)

A

Triple phosphate

141
Q

ALKALINE URINE: Normal Crystals

Triple phosphate is soluble in

A

Dilute Acetic Acid

142
Q

ALKALINE URINE: Normal Crystals

Also known as Apatite or Hyroxyapatite

A

Calcium phosphate

143
Q

ALKALINE URINE: Normal Crystals

colorless, flat rectangular plates or thins prisms often in Rosette forms; MAY BE CONFUSED WITH SULFONAMIDES IN NEUTRAL pH

A

Calcium Phosphate

144
Q

ALKALINE URINE: Normal Crystals

Confirmation to diff. Calcium Phosphate and Sulfonamides

A

Dilute Acetic Acid
Calcium Phosphate = DISSOLVE
Sulfonamide = do not

145
Q

ALKALINE URINE: Normal Crystals

Colorless with dumbbell or spherical shapes

May occur in clumps resemble amorphous material

A

Calcium Carboanate

146
Q
A

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY (24 decks)

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