Microscope / Microbio / Disinfect Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
What are the main parts of the microscope?
A
- Eye Pieces
- Microscope Tube
- Nose-Piece
- Objective
- Mechanical Stage
- Condensor
- Coarse Focusing Knob
- Light Source
See Chart in Notes
2
Q
What are the 3 types of light microscopes?
A
- Compound (transmitted light)
- Dissecting
- Electron
3
Q
What is the magnification of the ocular lens? Are they adjustable and why?
A
10x
Yes, for eye spacing.
4
Q
What are the objective lenses?
A
- 4x
- 10x
- 40x
- 100x
5
Q
What is total magnification?
A
ocular magnification (10x) x objective magnification
6
Q
What do you use to clean a microscope?
A
Only lens paper or lens cleaner with lens paper.
-NO Kimwipes or Kleenex tissue.
7
Q
What do you clean on a microscope?
A
- ocular lenses
- objective lenses
- light source
- slide stage
- slide
8
Q
How do you operate a compound microscope?
A
- Place the slide on the stage within adjustable slide holder.
- Adjust condenser to raised position.
- Adjust diaphragm to limit amount of light.
- Move lowest objective into place.
- Move the course focus knob to adjust focus.
- Move successively higher magnification objectives into place and focus using fine knob.
9
Q
What is parfocal?
A
Having corresponding focal points all in the same plane : having sets of objectives or eyepieces so mounted that they may be interchanged without varying the focus of the instrument (as a microscope) with which they are used.
10
Q
What is parcentered?
A
To align the centers of (optical lenses or diaphragms) along one axis.
11
Q
How does an “e” look under the microscope.
A
Flipped 180*
ə
12
Q
How does the “e” move when adjusting it with the top knob?
A
- Turning the top knob towards (or to the right) me moves the slide up.
- Turning it away (or to the left) moves it down.
13
Q
How does the “e” move when adjusting it with the bottom knob?
A
- Turning it towards me moves it left.
- Turning it left, moves the it to the right.
14
Q
What magnification provides you with the greatest DOF?
A
400
15
Q
Which objective provides the greatest field of vies?
A
40x
16
Q
Microbe / Microorganism
A
A living organism that is unable to be seen without a microscope.
17
Q
Pathogens
A
Disease causing microorganism.
18
Q
Infection
A
The state produced by the establishment of an infective agent in or on a suitable host.
19
Q
Resistance
A
Ability to overcome pathogen.
20
Q
Sepsis
A
Pathogen has succeeded to cause disease; it is now in the blood or tissue of an animal or human.
21
Q
Nosocomial Infection
A
Hospital acquired infection.
22
Q
Asepsis
A
Method of producing or maintaining an aseptic condition.
23
Q
Sterile
A
Free from living organisms, especially microorganisms.
24
Q
Sanitation
A
Promotion of hygiene and prevention of disease, by maintaining sanitary conditions.
25
Disinfection
Free from infection, especially by destroying harmful microorganisms. Disinfectants are used on inanimate objects.
26
Antiseptics
Used on living tissue.
27
Sterilization
To free from living organisms.
28
Cold Sterilization
Method of disinfecting for minor procedures, using a liquid solution.
29
Control of disease includes?
- Eliminating the source of the disease. (disinfecting, sterilizing).
- Preventing the transmission of the disease. (prevent aerosol of agents, respiratory discharge)
- Providing a method for the host to resist the disease. (vaccination)
30
Physical methods of microbial control?
| Basic Info
- Washing and drying in HOT water removes a lot of the microbial load.
- Change out of and wash dirty clothes immediately.
31
Physical methods of microbial control are (6)?
BISUMU
```
Boiling Water
Incineration
Steam Under Pressure
Ultrasonic Vibration
Moist Heat Sterilization
Ultraviolet Radiation
```
32
Incineration
-is done to soiled, disposable items.
33
Moist Heat Sterilization
| How hot does the water need to be?
-Water is heated to 60 C (140 F).
34
Moist Heat Sterilization
| How is it most effective?
-Most effective if use detergent and agitation.
35
Moist Heat Sterilization
| What is it good for?
-Good for laundry, mops, basins, trays, and food bowls.
36
Boiling Water
| Is it used often?
No. It is not used often in vet practices. However, it may be used on site, such as on location at a farm.
37
Boiling Water
| What does it NOT kill?
Does not kill spore forming bacteria and heat resistant viruses.
38
Boiling Water
| How to aid the cleaning process?
Add detergent to aid in the cleaning process.
39
Boiling Water
| How hot?
Reaches a temperature of 100 C, or 212 F.
40
Boiling Water
| How long?
Must boil for 30 minutes.
41
Steam Under Pressure
| What do you use?
The autoclave is used.
42
Ultrasonic Vibration
| What do you do first?
Hand wash first!! Use distilled water if you do not know the status of the tap water (microbes and pH).
43
Ultrasonic Vibration
| How does it work?
Sound waves produce tiny bubbles that have a scrubbing action.
44
Ultrasonic Vibration
| Does it sanitize?
Yes, but it does NOT sterilize.
45
Ultrasonic Vibration
| What do you do after using it?
Rinse with distilled water, and lubricate.
46
Ultraviolet Radiation
| Is it used often?
No. Not used often in vet practice.
47
Ultraviolet Radiation
| What does it do?
It sterilized, used for things easily destroyed by heat.
48
Chemical Control
| Basic Information
-Follow instruction for the use of various agents.
49
-cidal
Indicates death of organism.
50
-static
Indicates inhibition of growth organisms.
51
antiseptic
May be a dilute form of a disinfectant.
52
Chemical Control
What are the methods (8)?
CHOP SAGA
Cold Sterilization
Heavy Metals
Oxidizing Agents
Phenolic Derivatives
Surfactants
Alcohols
Glutaraldehyde
Aldehydes
53
Cold Sterilization
Objects are soaked in disinfectant.
54
Alcohol
| What concentration?
Concentrations above 50% are bactericidal.
55
Alcohol
| Can it be used in a cold tray, why?
No, alcohol cannot be used in a cold try because it evaporates too quickly.
56
Alcohol
| What can you not use it on?
Do not use it on traumatized skin.
57
Aldehyde
| What?
Formaldehyde
| -Formalin is the 10% dilution
58
Aldehyde
| Used for?
It is used for tissue preservation.
59
Aldehyde
| Do you need ventilation, why?
Yes, good ventilation should be used with Aldehydes. They are carcinogenic.
60
Aldehyde
| Do you have to make up your own containers?
With biopsy samples, you can purchase already prepared containers.
61
Glutaraldehyde
| What?
Cidex
62
Glutaraldehyde
| What does it do?
It is sporadical if objects are left to soak for several hours.
63
Glutaraldehyde
| How long to kill most microorganisms?
It kills most organisms in 10 minutes.
64
Oxidizing Agents
| What do they do?
They disrupt the cell process.
65
Oxidizing Agents
| What?
- Chlorine
- Iodine
- Hydrogen Peroxide
66
Oxidizing Agents
| How much to dilute bleach?
A 1:5 dilution with water is effective against many bacteria and viruses.
67
Oxidizing Agents
| Bleach dilution with Parvo?
A 1:30 dilution is the most effective against parvo.
| -1/2 Cup Bleach to 1 Gallon Water
68
Oxidizing Agents
| What does iodine do?
It reacts with cells to inhibit enzyme activity.
69
Oxidizing Agents
| Iodine concentration?
A concentration of 3.5% or higher will burn living tissue.
70
Oxidizing Agents
| Do not combine bleach with?
Do not combine chlorine with ammonia, toxic chlorine gas is formed.
71
Surfactants
| What do they do?
Surfactants lower the surface tension of a liquid and allow dislike substances, such as oil and water to mix more easily.
72
Surfactants
| What?
Detergents
73
Phenolic Derivatives
| What?
- Lysol
| - Pine-sol
74
Phenolic Derivatives
| Are they effected by excess organic material?
No, they are not easily effected by excess organic material.
75
Heavy Metals
| Is Mercury still available?
No, it has been removed from the market.
76
Heavy Metals
| Zinc?
Zinc compounds are available for antiseptic use.
77
Disinfectant
An agent that destroys or inhibits microorganisms - typically refers to inanimate objects.
78
Antiseptic
An agent that destroys or inhibits microorganisms - typically refers to living tissue.
79
Iodophors
| When are they used?
Used as topical antiseptics before surgical procedures and for wound care.
80
Iodophors
| What do they kill?
- virucidal
- bactericidal
- protocidal
- fungicidal
81
Iodophors
| Most common?
Iodine combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone, aka povidone-iodine
82
Iodophors
| What is the residual activity and is it effected by anything?
The residual activity of povidone-iodine is 4 to 6 hours. This is greatly diminished by the presence of organic matter such as blood. Alcohol will also destroy this residual action.
83
Chlorohexidine
| When are they used?
Can be used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.
84
Chlorohexidine
| Does it cause tissue damage?
It causes little tissue irritation.
85
Chlorohexidine
| What do they work against?
- bacteria
- viruses
- molds
- yeasts
86
Chlorohexidine
| How long to work, is it residual?
It has a rapid onset and a long residual activity that is not affected by organic material or alcohol.
87
Chlorohexidine
| Brand Name?
```
Nolvasan
Nolvasan S (means scented)
```
88
Alcohol
| Most common?
- Ethyl Alcohol
| - Isopropyl Alcohol
89
Alcohol
| Are they used often?
Yes. They are among the most common antiseptics applied to the skin.
90
Alcohol
| What is a 70% solution used for?
To disinfect surgical sites, injection sites, and rectal thermometers.
91
Alcohol
| How is it effective?
In order for it to be effective against bacteria it must remain in contact with the skin for several seconds. Several minutes to be effective against fungi.
92
Alcohol
| Does a cursory swipe do anything?
It does little at an injection site to disinfect it.
93
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
| Brand Name?
Roccal-D
| benz-all
94
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
| What are they used for?
To disinfect the surface of inanimate objects.
95
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
| Effective against?
A wide variety of bacteria, but ineffective against bacterial spores and have poor efficacy against fungi.
96
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
| Against viruses?
They can destroy enveloped viruses, ineffective against non-enveloped viruses such as parvo.
97
Chlorine Compounds
| Most common?
Household bleach.
98
Chlorine Compounds
| Against viruses?
Can kill enveloped, and non-enveloped viruses.
99
Chlorine Compounds
| Against Parvo?
The disinfectant of choice against parvo.
100
Chlorine Compounds
| Effective against?
- viruses
- fungi
- algae
- bacteria
101
Chlorine Compounds
| Do they work on bacterial spores?
No. Like many other disinfectants, chlorine bleach is not effective against bacterial spores.
102
Chlorine Compounds
| Effective concentration?
Bleach to Water
1: 30 for Parvo
1: 5 for most other situations
103
Phenols
| Effective against?
Some bacteria.
104
Phenols
| Not effective against?
- viruses
- fungi
- spores
105
Cold Sterilization
| Brand Name
benz-all
| Bensalkonium Chloride
106
benz-all
| Soluble properties
Soluble in:
water
acetone
alcohol
Insoluble in:
ether
benzene (slightly soluble)
107
benz-all
| Concentration?
1:750
Quart: one 10cc bottle into 1 quart water.
Gallon: one 40cc bottle into 1 gallon water.
108
benz-all
| What kind of water?
Tap is fine unless the water is hard water. Then, distilled is best.
109
benz-all
| Instrument storage?
To store some heat sterilized instruments, a 1:750 solution which has not been previously used may be employed for up to 14 days.
110
benz-all
| When not to use?
With any instrument thought to be contaminated by spore bearing organisms, mycobacterium tuberculosis, or viral hepatitis. Also not for use with optical instruments with cemented parts.
111
Rocal-D
| Dilution?
1/2 ounce to 1 Gallon
112
gram-positive / gram-negative, name after who?
Dr. Hans Christian Gram
113
pyrogens
burning bodies
| The term given to endotoxin found in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria.
114
Endotoxin Function
To assist in selective transport of matter into the bacterial cell. They also help to defend the bacterial cell, creating potential damage and antibodies in its host.
115
Heat Fixing
| Why?
- Prevents sample from washing off.
- Preserves cell morphology.
- Kills bacteria and renders them permeable to stain.
116
Gram Stain
| Procedure
- Crystal Violet: let stand for 30 seconds.
- Rinse with distilled water.
- Iodine: let stand for 30 seconds.
- Rinse with distilled water.
- Wash with decolorizer until no more purple washes off (10 seconds or less).
- Rinse with distilled water.
- Safranin: let stand 30 seconds
- Rinse with distilled water
117
Gram Stain
| How do you dispose of contents of stain rack?
DO NOT pour into sink. Empty into jar marked for Gram Stain waste. Rinse with a small amount of tap or distilled water. Empty into jar.
118
Gram Positive Bacteria retain which complex?
The violet-iodine and they stain purple.
119
Gram Negative Bacteria stain with what?
They lose the crystal violet and stain red with safranin.
120
Gram Variable Reaction
An organism that stains both Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative.
121
Gram Variable Reaction
| Why does this occur?
- Excessive decolorization.
- An overly thick smear.
- Excessive heat fixation.
- Old cultures.
- Poor quality of stain.
122
MIC
mean inhibitory content
| -the lowest concentration of a specific drug that PREVENTS the growth of an organism.
123
MBC
Mean Bactericidal Concentration
| -the lowest concentration of a specific drug that KILLS 99.9% of a given strain of bacteria.
124
Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion Test
Is a routinely used test to qualitatively determine the susceptibility of a given organism to a battery of antimicrobial drugs.
125
Zone of Inhibition
A clear zone of inhibition around a disc reflects the degree of susceptibility of an organism to the drug; the area where the bacteria has been killed off.
126
Zone of Inhibition
| How is it measured?
In mm across the complete diameter, including the disc.
127
Zone of Inhibition
| How do you know which drugs are effective?
There are special charts to correlate the size of the zone of inhibition to the susceptibility of an organism to the drug; susceptible, intermediate, or resistant.
128
Types of Gram-Positive Bacteria
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Clostridium perfringens
129
Staphylococcus
| Morphology
- Gram Pos. Cocci
- About 2mm diameter
- Occurring singly, in pairs, tetrads, or clusters.
- Can show alpha, beta, or gamma haemolysis.
130
Staphylococcus
| Usually isolated from?
Wounds, dermatitis, otitis, mastitis, cystitis, and osteomyelitis.
131
Streptococcus
| Morphology
- Gram Pos. Cocci
- .5-1mm diameter
- occurring in pairs, short or long chains
- can show alpha, beta, and/or gamma haemolosis.
132
Streptococcus
| Most common in?
Horses, causes strangles. Also an important cause of bovine mastitis.
133
Clostridium perfingens
| Occasionally isolated from?
Deep wounds with extensive tissue necrosis, such as compound fractures.
134
Clostridium perfingens
| What type of environment does it need to grow?
The bacterium requires an anaerobic atmosphere for growth.
135
Types of Gram-Negative Bacteria
```
Escherichia coli
Salmonella
Proteus
Pasteurella
Pseudomonas
Bordetella
Brucella
```
136
Escherichia coli
| Frequently associated with?
Diarrhea in neonates (pigs, calves, lambs)
137
Escherichia coli
| How do you know if it is the cause of diarrhea?
If large number of gram-negative rods are observed in each oil immersion field, it is a strong indication that E. coli is the cause.
138
Salmonella
| What does it cause?
It can cause diarrhea and septicemia in all animals and humans.
139
Proteus
| They are frequently isolated as?
Specimen contaminants or secondary invaders.
140
Proteus
| They are important pathogens of?
The urinary tract.
141
Pasteurella
| What is is usually associated with?
Respiratory infections in most animals.
142
Pseudomonas
| Commonly found?
In soil and water.
143
Pseudomonas
| They are usually consider to be?
Opportunistic pathogens of wounds and otitis.
144
Bordetella
| Morphology
Small coccobacillus
145
Bordetella
| Frequently recovered from?
Respiratory infections of dogs.
146
Brucella
| Morphology
Small coccobacillus
147
Brucella
| Usually associated with?
Reproductive failure - abortion and infertility.
148
What are 5 techniques for studying bacteria?
1. Cell morphology - under grams stain (+/-).
2. Colonial morphology
3. Biochemistry - enzyme production
4. Serology
5. Animal Inoculation
149
Colonial Morphology
| Diameter
Measured in mm.
150
Colonial Morphology
| Shape of Colony, Plane View
- circular
- rhizoid
- irregular
- entire
- lenticular
151
Colonial Morphology
| Shape of Colony, Cross Section
- convex
- umbonate
- flat
152
Colonial Morphology
| Color Characteristics - Haemolosis
a. Alpha - green, gray
b. Beta - clear
c. gamma - any other type
153
Colonial Morphology
| Surface
- dull
- shiny
- ground glass
154
Colonial Morphology
| Texture
- caseous
- hard
- mucoid
155
Colonial Morphology
| Motility
- motile, swarming
| - non-motile
156
Biochemistry
1. Utilization of carbs - produce acid and/or gas.
2. Produce indole
3. Produce H2S from sulfa
4. Tolerance
157
What is the primary concern in veterinary bacteriology?
What antibiotic can be used to treat this infection, then you are concerned with what the organism is. Identification need only be made to a group type.
158
Strep agalactiae
| Colonial Morphology
- Gram Pos. Cocci
- Small, translucent, bluish-white colonies.
- Convex
- Beta haemolysis may be seen.
159
Strep dysgalactiae
| Colonial Morphology
- Gram Pos. Cocci
- Small, translucent, bluish-white colonies.
- Convex
- Alpha haemolysis, greening around colonies.
160
Strep Group G
| Colonial Morphology
- Gram Pos. Cocci
- Small, translucent, bluish-white colonies.
- Convex
- Large area of Beta haemolysis
161
```
Strep uberis (+)
Colonial Morphology
```
- Gram Pos. Cocci
- Small, translucent colonies.
- Large area of greening (alpha).
- Positive CAMP reaction.
162
```
Strep uberis (-)
Colonial Morphology
```
- Gram Pos. Cocci
- Small, translucent colonies.
- Large area of greening (alpha).
- Negative CAMP reaction.
163
Staph aureus
| Colonial Morphology
- Gram Pos. Cocci
- Large, opaque, orange to white colonies
- alpha, alpha/beta, or beta haemolysis
- Most are coagulase Pos. and ferment manitol.
164
Staph spp.
| Colonial Morphology
- Gram Pos. Cocci
- Large, opaque, orange to white colonies
- Show no haemolysis, or small alpha
- Are NOT coagulase Pos.
165
What do you do to distinguish Staph aureus from Staph spp.
Do a coagulase manitol test.
166
E. coli
| Colonial Morphology
- Gram Neg. Rod
- Single, paired, short chains
- Non-encapsulated, non-spore forming
- Convex
- Gray to whitish-yellow colonies
- Large 2mm+
- Ferments most carbs to acid and/or gas.
- Citrate Neg
- No H2S produced on TSI
- Fecal odor
167
Klebsiella
| Colonial Morphology
- Gram Neg. Rod
- Single, paired, chained
- Convex
- Mucoid
- White to yellow-brown colonies
- Large 2mm+
- Converts most sugars to acid and/or gas
- Citrate pos
- No H2S
168
Pseudomonas
| Colonial Morphology
- Gram Neg. Rod
- Single, pair, short chains
- Large spreading colonies
- Grayish-green with a dark center, and translucent, irregular edge.
- Produces a blue-green pigment that diffuses into media - grape juice color
- Ground glass appearance
- Doesn't ferment most sugars
- Citrate Pos
169
Pasteurella
| Colonial Morphology
- Gram Neg. Rod
- Small rod
- Usually shows bipolar staining
- Grayish-yellow
- Smooth
- Glistening and transparent colonies
- Doesn't ferment common sugars
- Citrate Neg
- No growth on McConkeys agar
170
Proteus
| Colonial Morphology
- Gram Neg. Rod
- Single, pair, or as chains
- Pleomorphism may be observed
- usually 98% are motile
- Warm chocolate cake odor
- Citrate Pos
- No acid or gas produced
- Usually produces H2S
- Large 2mm+
171
Serratia
| Colonial Morphology
- Gram Neg. Rod
- Single
- Non-encapsulate, non-sporeforming
- Smooth
- Glistening
- Large 2mm+
- Pigment may be absent, usually orange to brick red
- Citrate Pos
- On TSI, see red slant / yellow butt
172
Yeast
| Colonial Morphology
- Observe under methylene blue stain.
- Ovoid forms much larger than cocci.
- Observe for budding, entire, convex, white, sweet smelling colonies of medium size.
173
Mold
| Colonial Morphology
- Large diffuse colonies
| - Variable pigmentation
174
Nocardia
- Higher bacteria form
- Dry, irregular, small, white, colonies
- Dried toothpaste appearance
- Under methylene blue see coccoid cells, hyphae, and.or mycelia.
175
Portotheca
- An achlorophyllic algae
- Small, dull, white colonies
- Semi-sweet smell
- Under methylene blue see large matrix type cells
- 6 to 8 times as large as yeast cells
- Many will show a distinct capsule
176
Coryneabacterium
- Small, white colonies that don't show up until 48 hours
- Small, gram Pos. rods
- May show polar staining
- Observe Chinese Character formation
- Bovis is non hemolytic
- Pyogenes is Beta hemolytic
177
Pure Culture
A culture in wich all or almost all the colonies are the same.
178
Mixed Culture
A culture in which you have more than one type of organism, but each is a pure culture.
179
Aesculin Blood Agar
Basic streaking media.
180
Mueller-Hinton Agar
For sensitivity testing.
181
McConkey Agar
Contains bile salts which inhibit Gram Pos. organisms.
182
TSI Agar
Contains lactose, dextrose, and sucrose. Shows sugar fermentation and gas, H2S production. Use for ID of Gram Neg.
183
Simmons Citrate Agar
Shows Gram Neg. organisms citrate utilization reactions.
184
CAMP Agar
By reactions can distinguish between the Strep spp.
185
Coagulase Manitol
Used to distinguish Staph aureus from Staph spp by coagulase and manitol utilization.
186
TSI Tubes
```
Start Red
Red = alkaline (Neg)
Yellow = acid produced (Pos)
Gas Production in Butt
H2S Production in Butt
```
187
Simmons Citrate Tubes
Start Green
Green = No reaction (Neg)
Blue = Citrate utilized (Pos)
188
OSHA is?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
189
Appropriate measures that need to be taken with food or drink in practice?
- Staff cannot be allowed to eat or drink when there is biological or chemical hazards present.
- Must have a separate refrigerator for staff food only.
190
What does MSDS Stand for?
Material Data Safety Sheet
191
Where should MSDS be kept?
They should be kept in a centralized location in the hospital.
192
Why are MSDS kept?
So employees can find out what to do and how to handle chemicals.
