Micropara 4: Host Response to Infection Flashcards
First line of defense
• Intact skin
• mucous membrane and their secretions
• normal microbiota
Second line of defense
• Phagocytes
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-dendritic cells
-macrophages
• inflammation
• Fever
• antimicrobial substances
Third line of defense
• Specialized lymphocytes:
T cells and B cells
• Antibodies
Innate immunity line of defenses are?
First line of defenses
Second line of defenses
Adaptive immunity line of defense?
Third line of defense
Innate defenses/immunity aka?
Non-specific host resistance
lacks specific responses to specific invaders;
its mechanisms function the same way regardless of the type of invader
Innate immunity
present at birth and offers immediate protection against a wide variety of pathogens
Innate immunity
First line of defense are?
Physical and chemical
Physical First Line of Defense
skin
Mucous Membranes,
peristalsis,
defecation/vomiting,
urination,
microbiota
Chemical First Line of Defense:
Secretions,
Sebum ,Saliva, Stomach
acid Vaginal secretions
cerumen, mucus, lactic
acid and lysozyme in
sweat, tears
Second line of defense is?
Internal defenses
Internal defenses include?
antimicrobial proteins
(lysozymes and
interferons are natural
antibiotics)
Natural killer
phagocytes
Inflammation Fever
Adaptive or acquired immunity aka?
Specific host resistance
involves many different cell types:
🖇️macrophages
🖇️ T helper cells
🖇️ cytotoxic T cells,
🖇️ delayed hypersensitivity T cells
🖇️ natural killer cells
🖇️ killer cells
🖇️ granulocytes
Cell- mediated Immunity
antibodies play a minor role here
Cell-mediated immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity aka?
Humoral immunity
involves the production of antibodies by lymphocytes to bind with, inactivate and destroy specific microorganism
Antibody- mediated
Immunity
the condition of being immune or resistant to a particular infectious disease
Immunity
antibodies are produced within the person’s body
Active Acquired
the person receives antibodies that were produced by another person or by more than one person, or in some cases by an animal (e.g. serum)
Passive Acquired
Active acquired immunity can be?
Natural (naturally occurring)
Artificial (artificially occurring)
acquired in response to the entry of a live pathogen into the body (i.e. in response to an
actual infection)
Natural (Naturally occurring)
artificially induced vaccines
Artificial (Artificially occurring)
immunity that is acquired by a
fetus when it receives maternal antibodies in utero or by an infant when it receives maternal antibodies contained in colostrums
Natural passive
Natural Passive Immunity that is acquired by a ______ when it receives maternal antibodies in ______ or by an infant when it receives maternal antibodies contained in_________.
- fetus
- utero
- colostrums
1st breastmilk is called?
Colostrums
immunity that is acquired when
a person receives antibodies
contained in antisera or gamma globulin
Artificial Passive
a material that can artificially
induce immunity to an infectious disease, usually following injection, or ingestion of the material
Vaccine
composed of attenuated
(weakened pathogens);
should not be administered
to immunosuppressed
individuals, because even
weakened pathogens can
cause disease in these
made from pathogens that have been killed by heat or chemicals
Inactivated Vaccines
can be produced faster and more easily but are less
effective than live vaccines because the antigens on the dead cells are usually less effective and produce shorter period of immunity
Inactivated Vaccines
Inactivated Vaccines can be produced faster and more easily but are ___________ than live vaccines because the antigens on the dead cells are usually less effective and produce shorter period of immunity
less effective
made by conjugating bacterial capsular antigens
(which by themselves are not very antigenic) to
molecules that stimulate the immune system to
produce antibodies against the less antigenic caps
Conjugate vaccines
an exotoxin that has been inactivated (made nontoxic) by heat or chemicals
Toxoid
antibodies that neutralize toxins
Antitoxins
serum containing antitoxins
Antiserum
example of antiserum
diphtheria, tetanus
Aka Gene vaccines
DNA vaccines
experimental only; a particular gene from a pathogen is inserted into plasmids, and the plasmids are then
injected into skin or muscle tissue. Inside host cells, the genes direct the synthesis of a particular microbial protein (antigen).
DNA vaccines
has been prepared from bacteria isolated from a localized infection, such as a staphylococcal boil. The pathogens are killed and then injected into the same person to induce production of more antibodies
Autogenous vaccines
Instead of the entire microbe, subunit vaccines ____________.
include only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system.
the very specific parts of the antigen that antibodies or T cells recognize and bind to
epitopes
In some cases, these vaccines use epitopes
Subunit vaccines
Subunit vaccines can contain anywhere from ________ or more antigens.
1 to 20
identifying which antigens best stimulate the immune system is a tricky, time-consuming process
Subunit vaccines
are experimental vaccines
similar to DNA vaccines, but they use an attenuated virus
or bacterium to introduce microbial DNA to cells of the
body.
Recombinant Vector Vaccines
refers to the virus or bacterium used as the carrier
Vector
2 Categories of Infectious Diseases
- Nosocomial infections or Hospital
- Community- acquired infections
acquired infections; acquired within hospitals or other health care facilities
Nosocomial infections or Hospital
Nosocomial infections or Hospital acquired within hospitals or other health care facilities, including those that ______________.
erupt within 14 days of hospital discharge
acquired outside of healthcare facilities
Community- acquired infections
involves all those that are present or incubating at the time of hospital admission
Community- acquired infections
literally mean “Physician -induced”
Iatrogenic infections
