Micropara 4: Host Response to Infection

Question 1

First line of defense

Answer 1

• Intact skin
• mucous membrane and their secretions
• normal microbiota

Question 2

Second line of defense

Answer 2

• Phagocytes
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-dendritic cells
-macrophages
• inflammation
• Fever
• antimicrobial substances

Question 3

Third line of defense

Answer 3

• Specialized lymphocytes:
T cells and B cells
• Antibodies

Question 4

Innate immunity line of defenses are?

Answer 4

First line of defenses
Second line of defenses

Question 5

Adaptive immunity line of defense?

Answer 5

Third line of defense

Question 6

Innate defenses/immunity aka?

Answer 6

Non-specific host resistance

Question 7

lacks specific responses to specific invaders;
its mechanisms function the same way regardless of the type of invader

Answer 7

Innate immunity

Question 8

present at birth and offers immediate protection against a wide variety of pathogens

Answer 8

Innate immunity

Question 9

First line of defense are?

Answer 9

Physical and chemical

Question 10

Physical First Line of Defense

Answer 10

skin
Mucous Membranes,
peristalsis,
defecation/vomiting,
urination,
microbiota

Question 11

Chemical First Line of Defense:

Answer 11

Secretions,
Sebum ,Saliva, Stomach
acid Vaginal secretions
cerumen, mucus, lactic
acid and lysozyme in
sweat, tears

Question 12

Second line of defense is?

Answer 12

Internal defenses

Question 13

Internal defenses include?

Answer 13

antimicrobial proteins
(lysozymes and
interferons are natural
antibiotics)
 Natural killer
phagocytes
Inflammation Fever

Question 14

Adaptive or acquired immunity aka?

Answer 14

Specific host resistance

Question 15

involves many different cell types:

🖇️macrophages
🖇️ T helper cells
🖇️ cytotoxic T cells,
🖇️ delayed hypersensitivity T cells
🖇️ natural killer cells
🖇️ killer cells
🖇️ granulocytes

Answer 15

Cell- mediated Immunity

Question 16

antibodies play a minor role here

Answer 16

Cell-mediated immunity

Question 17

Antibody-mediated immunity aka?

Answer 17

Humoral immunity

Question 18

involves the production of antibodies by lymphocytes to bind with, inactivate and destroy specific microorganism

Answer 18

Antibody- mediated
Immunity

Question 19

the condition of being immune or resistant to a particular infectious disease

Answer 19

Immunity

Question 20

antibodies are produced within the person’s body

Answer 20

Active Acquired

Question 21

the person receives antibodies that were produced by another person or by more than one person, or in some cases by an animal (e.g. serum)

Answer 21

Passive Acquired

Question 22

Active acquired immunity can be?

Answer 22

Natural (naturally occurring)
Artificial (artificially occurring)

Question 23

acquired in response to the entry of a live pathogen into the body (i.e. in response to an
actual infection)

Answer 23

Natural (Naturally occurring)

Question 24

artificially induced vaccines

Answer 24

Artificial (Artificially occurring)

Question 25

immunity that is acquired by a fetus when it receives maternal antibodies in utero or by an infant when it receives maternal antibodies contained in colostrums

Answer 25

Natural passive

Question 26

Natural Passive Immunity that is acquired by a ______ when it receives maternal antibodies in ______ or by an infant when it receives maternal antibodies contained in_________.

Answer 26

- fetus - utero - colostrums

Question 27

1st breastmilk is called?

Answer 27

Colostrums

Question 28

immunity that is acquired when a person receives antibodies contained in antisera or gamma globulin

Answer 28

Artificial Passive

Question 29

a material that can artificially induce immunity to an infectious disease, usually following injection, or ingestion of the material

Answer 29

Vaccine

Question 30

composed of attenuated (weakened pathogens); should not be administered to immunosuppressed individuals, because even weakened pathogens can cause disease in these

Question 31

made from pathogens that have been killed by heat or chemicals

Answer 31

Inactivated Vaccines

Question 32

can be produced faster and more easily but are less effective than live vaccines because the antigens on the dead cells are usually less effective and produce shorter period of immunity

Answer 32

Inactivated Vaccines

Question 33

Inactivated Vaccines can be produced faster and more easily but are ___________ than live vaccines because the antigens on the dead cells are usually less effective and produce shorter period of immunity

Answer 33

less effective

Question 34

made by conjugating bacterial capsular antigens (which by themselves are not very antigenic) to molecules that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the less antigenic caps

Answer 34

Conjugate vaccines

Question 35

an exotoxin that has been inactivated (made nontoxic) by heat or chemicals

Answer 35

Toxoid

Question 36

antibodies that neutralize toxins

Answer 36

Antitoxins

Question 37

serum containing antitoxins

Answer 37

Antiserum

Question 38

example of antiserum

Answer 38

diphtheria, tetanus

Question 39

Aka Gene vaccines

Answer 39

DNA vaccines

Question 40

experimental only; a particular gene from a pathogen is inserted into plasmids, and the plasmids are then injected into skin or muscle tissue. Inside host cells, the genes direct the synthesis of a particular microbial protein (antigen).

Answer 40

DNA vaccines

Question 41

has been prepared from bacteria isolated from a localized infection, such as a staphylococcal boil. The pathogens are killed and then injected into the same person to induce production of more antibodies

Answer 41

Autogenous vaccines

Question 42

Instead of the entire microbe, subunit vaccines ____________.

Answer 42

include only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system.

Question 43

the very specific parts of the antigen that antibodies or T cells recognize and bind to

Answer 43

epitopes

Question 44

In some cases, these vaccines use epitopes

Answer 44

Subunit vaccines

Question 45

Subunit vaccines can contain anywhere from ________ or more antigens.

Answer 45

1 to 20

Question 46

identifying which antigens best stimulate the immune system is a tricky, time-consuming process

Answer 46

Subunit vaccines

Question 47

are experimental vaccines similar to DNA vaccines, but they use an attenuated virus or bacterium to introduce microbial DNA to cells of the body.

Answer 47

Recombinant Vector Vaccines

Question 48

refers to the virus or bacterium used as the carrier

Answer 48

Vector

Question 49

2 Categories of Infectious Diseases

Answer 49

1. Nosocomial infections or Hospital 2. Community- acquired infections

Question 50

acquired infections; acquired within hospitals or other health care facilities

Answer 50

Nosocomial infections or Hospital

Question 51

Nosocomial infections or Hospital acquired within hospitals or other health care facilities, including those that ______________.

Answer 51

erupt within 14 days of hospital discharge

Question 52

acquired outside of healthcare facilities

Answer 52

Community- acquired infections

Question 53

involves all those that are present or incubating at the time of hospital admission

Answer 53

Community- acquired infections

Question 54

literally mean “Physician -induced”

Answer 54

Iatrogenic infections