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Z: MICROPARA > Micropara 4: Capabilities of Pathogen > Flashcards

Micropara 4: Capabilities of Pathogen Flashcards

1
Q

is the capacity of a pathogen to produce disease

A

Pathogenicity

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2
Q

seven capabilities of a pathogen

A
  1. Maintain a reservoir
  2. Leave its reservoir and enter a host-transmission
  3. Adhering to a body surface
  4. Invade the body
  5. Evade the body’s defense mechanisms
  6. Multiply within the body
  7. Leave the body and return to its reservoir or enter a new host
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3
Q

A place to live before and after infection and is most common

A

Maintain a reservoir

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4
Q

reservoirs examples

A
  • humans
  • animals
  • environment (nonliving: soil & water)
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5
Q

examples of human reservoirs

A
  1. Diseased
  2. Carriers
  3. Virus: smallpox
  4. Bacterium: gonorrhea, typhoid fever, strep throat
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6
Q

examples of animal reservoirs

A
  1. Zoonosis
  2. Virus
  3. Bacterium
  4. Fungus
  5. Protozoa
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7
Q

a human disease caused by a pathogen with an animal reservoir

A

Zoonosis

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8
Q

Virus reservoirs

A
  1. Rocky Mt. spotted fever
  2. rabies
  3. yellow fever
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9
Q

Bacterium reservoirs

A
  1. Lyme disease
  2. plague (Yersinia pestis)
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10
Q

Environmental (non-living) Reservoir examples

A

Soil, water
Tetanus
Legionnaire’s Disease
Water contaminated with feces

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11
Q

spores live in soil

A

Tetanus

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12
Q

legionnaire’s disease

A

water, often in air conditioning ductwork

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13
Q

Water contaminated with feces

A
  1. cholera
  2. typhoid fever
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14
Q

how the pathogen leaves the reservoir and gets to the host

A

Modes of transmission

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15
Q

Modes of transmission

A
  1. respiratory droplets
  2. fomites (objects)
  3. Direct contact (touching, kissing, sex)
  4. Also called person-to-person
  5. fecal-oral
  6. Vectors
  7. Mechanical
  8. Biological
  9. airborne
  10. parenteral (
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16
Q

most common mode of transmission

A

respiratory droplets

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17
Q

objects mode of transmission

A

fomites

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18
Q

touching, kissing, sex

A

Direct contact a.k.a. person-to-person

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19
Q

this mode of transmission examples are ticks, mosquitoes, fleas

A

Vectors

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20
Q

this mode of transmission can survive drying, ex. TB

A

airborne

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21
Q

mode of transmission directly into blood

A

parenteral

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22
Q

the site at which a pathogen enters

A

Portal of Entry

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23
Q

Portal of Entries of a Pathogen

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous membranes of resp tract, GI, and GU
  3. Respiratory tract (lungs) is easiest
  4. bloodstream
  5. placenta
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24
Q

Likelihood of infection (2 types)

A
  1. Infectious Dose (ID 50)
  2. Lethal Dose (LD 50)
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25
number of organisms necessary to cause illness in 50% of infected individuals
Infectious Dose (ID 50)
26
number of organisms necessary to kill 50% of infected individuals
Lethal Dose (LD 50)
27
the degree of pathogenicity of an organism
Virulence
28
It’s not enough to get there, you have to stick and stay stuck to cause disease
Adhering to a body surface
29
Pathogens make adhesions (also called _______) that bind to cell surface receptors (viral “________”, pili, bacterial capsules, specialized attachment structures)
1. ligands 2. "spikes"
30
Examples of pathogen adhesion
1. whooping cough 2. Streptococcus mutans
31
Some pathogens stay where they stuck (ie whooping cough) and don’t invade. Others move into new cells and tissues or into the bloodstream
Invading the body
32
some make _________ which stimulate phagocytosis
invasions
33
invasions that stimulate phagocytosis
TB, shigella, salmonella
34
some secrete ___________ to break down surrounding cells and tissues
enzymes
35
It includes phagocytosis and the immune system
Host defenses
36
the capability of a pathogen in evasion of phagocytosis
5. Evading the body’s defense mechanisms
37
strains of bacteria with the thickest capsules are most _______
virulent
38
Evading the body’s defense mechanisms
a. Host defenses include phagocytosis and the immune system: b. Evasion of phagocytosis c. Capsules d. Ability to live after being phagocytosed e. Immune System (antibodies) f. Evasion via antigenic variation g. Secretion of enzymes to destroy antibodies
39
Pathogen starts to obtain nutrients and begin to reproduce
Multiplying in the host
40
reproduction of the pathogen that causes disease
Multiplying in the host
41
how pathogens damage tissue and cause disease
Pathogenesis
42
this secretion breaks down cells and tissues, and stimulates inflammatory response
Enzymes
43
most damage in causing disease is done by
Toxins
44
poisonous substances produced by certain bacteria
Toxins
45
two kinds of toxins
1. Exotoxins 2. Endotoxins
46
are proteins, secreted by living bacteria
Exotoxins
47
Secreted proteins from certain types of bacteria (gram positive and gram negative)
Exotoxins
48
this toxin is extremely toxic
Exotoxin
49
this toxin is secreted outside the cell
Exotoxin
50
this toxin has highly specific effects on host depending on the type of toxin
Exotoxin
51
Examples of Exotoxins
1. Botulinum toxin 2. Tetanus toxin 3. Salmonella enterotoxin
52
Usually the main cause of pathogenesis when they are present
Exotoxins: - Botulism - tetanus - cholera - pertussis - anthrax
53
are lipids, released from the cell membrane when cells die
Endotoxins
54
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) portion of cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
Endotoxins
55
Endotoxins are the ___________ portion of cell membrane of Gram-_______ bacteria
lipopolysaccharide, negative
56
T or F All endotoxins produce the same signs and symptoms
True
57
T or F Exotoxins stimulate release of cytokines
False Endotoxins
58
T or F Pathogen leaves through a “Portal of Exit” to reach yet another organism
True
59
Portals of Exit (Often the same as the portal of entry)
nose, anus, genital tract, blood
60
Saliva usually contains a mixed flora of about __________.
108 organisms per milliliter
61
It carries the most prolific flora in the body
Colon
62
In the adult, feces are ___% or more bacteria by weight (about ______ organisms per gram).
25% 1010 organisms/g

Z: MICROPARA (7 decks)

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