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Micropara > Micropara 4: Capabilities of Pathogen > Flashcards

Micropara 4: Capabilities of Pathogen Flashcards

1
Q

is the capacity of a pathogen to produce disease

A

Pathogenicity

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2
Q

seven capabilities of a pathogen

A
  1. Maintain a reservoir
  2. Leave its reservoir and enter a host-transmission
  3. Adhering to a body surface
  4. Invade the body
  5. Evade the body’s defense mechanisms
  6. Multiply within the body
  7. Leave the body and return to its reservoir or enter a new host
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3
Q

A place to live before and after infection and is most common

A

Maintain a reservoir

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4
Q

reservoirs examples

A
  • humans
  • animals
  • environment (nonliving: soil & water)
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5
Q

examples of human reservoirs

A
  1. Diseased
  2. Carriers
  3. Virus: smallpox
  4. Bacterium: gonorrhea, typhoid fever, strep throat
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6
Q

examples of animal reservoirs

A
  1. Zoonosis
  2. Virus
  3. Bacterium
  4. Fungus
  5. Protozoa
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7
Q

a human disease caused by a pathogen with an animal reservoir

A

Zoonosis

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8
Q

Virus reservoirs

A
  1. Rocky Mt. spotted fever
  2. rabies
  3. yellow fever
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9
Q

Bacterium reservoirs

A
  1. Lyme disease
  2. plague (Yersinia pestis)
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10
Q

Environmental (non-living) Reservoir examples

A

Soil, water
Tetanus
Legionnaire’s Disease
Water contaminated with feces

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11
Q

spores live in soil

A

Tetanus

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12
Q

legionnaire’s disease

A

water, often in air conditioning ductwork

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13
Q

Water contaminated with feces

A
  1. cholera
  2. typhoid fever
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14
Q

how the pathogen leaves the reservoir and gets to the host

A

Modes of transmission

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15
Q

Modes of transmission

A
  1. respiratory droplets
  2. fomites (objects)
  3. Direct contact (touching, kissing, sex)
  4. Also called person-to-person
  5. fecal-oral
  6. Vectors
  7. Mechanical
  8. Biological
  9. airborne
  10. parenteral (
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16
Q

most common mode of transmission

A

respiratory droplets

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17
Q

objects mode of transmission

A

fomites

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18
Q

touching, kissing, sex

A

Direct contact a.k.a. person-to-person

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19
Q

this mode of transmission examples are ticks, mosquitoes, fleas

A

Vectors

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20
Q

this mode of transmission can survive drying, ex. TB

A

airborne

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21
Q

mode of transmission directly into blood

A

parenteral

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22
Q

the site at which a pathogen enters

A

Portal of Entry

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23
Q

Portal of Entries of a Pathogen

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous membranes of resp tract, GI, and GU
  3. Respiratory tract (lungs) is easiest
  4. bloodstream
  5. placenta
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24
Q

Likelihood of infection (2 types)

A
  1. Infectious Dose (ID 50)
  2. Lethal Dose (LD 50)
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25
Q

number of organisms necessary to cause illness in 50% of infected individuals

A

Infectious Dose (ID 50)

26
Q

number of organisms necessary to kill 50% of infected individuals

A

Lethal Dose (LD 50)

27
Q

the degree of pathogenicity of an organism

A

Virulence

28
Q

It’s not enough to get there, you have to stick and stay stuck to cause disease

A

Adhering to a body surface

29
Q

Pathogens make adhesions (also called _______) that
bind to cell surface receptors (viral “________”, pili, bacterial capsules, specialized attachment structures)

A
  1. ligands
  2. “spikes”
30
Q

Examples of pathogen adhesion

A
  1. whooping cough
  2. Streptococcus mutans
31
Q

Some pathogens stay where they stuck (ie whooping cough)
and don’t invade. Others move into new cells and tissues or into the bloodstream

A

Invading the body

32
Q

some make _________ which stimulate phagocytosis

A

invasions

33
Q

invasions that stimulate phagocytosis

A

TB, shigella, salmonella

34
Q

some secrete ___________ to break down surrounding cells and tissues

A

enzymes

35
Q

It includes phagocytosis and the immune system

A

Host defenses

36
Q

the capability of a pathogen in evasion of phagocytosis

A
  1. Evading the body’s defense mechanisms
37
Q

strains of bacteria with the thickest capsules are
most _______

A

virulent

38
Q

Evading the body’s defense mechanisms

A

a. Host defenses include phagocytosis and the immune system:
b. Evasion of phagocytosis
c. Capsules
d. Ability to live after being phagocytosed
e. Immune System (antibodies)
f. Evasion via antigenic variation
g. Secretion of enzymes to destroy antibodies

39
Q

Pathogen starts to obtain nutrients and begin to reproduce

A

Multiplying in the host

40
Q

reproduction of the pathogen that causes disease

A

Multiplying in the host

41
Q

how pathogens damage tissue and cause disease

A

Pathogenesis

42
Q

this secretion breaks down cells and tissues, and stimulates inflammatory response

A

Enzymes

43
Q

most damage in causing disease is done by

A

Toxins

44
Q

poisonous substances produced by certain bacteria

A

Toxins

45
Q

two kinds of toxins

A
  1. Exotoxins
  2. Endotoxins
46
Q

are proteins, secreted by living bacteria

A

Exotoxins

47
Q

Secreted proteins from certain types of bacteria (gram positive and gram negative)

A

Exotoxins

48
Q

this toxin is extremely toxic

A

Exotoxin

49
Q

this toxin is secreted outside the cell

A

Exotoxin

50
Q

this toxin has highly specific effects on host depending on the type of toxin

A

Exotoxin

51
Q

Examples of Exotoxins

A
  1. Botulinum toxin
  2. Tetanus toxin
  3. Salmonella enterotoxin
52
Q

Usually the main cause of pathogenesis when they are present

A

Exotoxins:

  • Botulism
  • tetanus
  • cholera
  • pertussis
  • anthrax
53
Q

are lipids, released from the cell
membrane when cells die

A

Endotoxins

54
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) portion of cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

A

Endotoxins

55
Q

Endotoxins are the ___________ portion of cell membrane of Gram-_______ bacteria

A

lipopolysaccharide, negative

56
Q

T or F

All endotoxins produce the same signs and symptoms

A

True

57
Q

T or F
Exotoxins stimulate release of cytokines

A

False

Endotoxins

58
Q

T or F
Pathogen leaves through a “Portal of Exit” to reach yet another organism

A

True

59
Q

Portals of Exit (Often the same as the portal of entry)

A

nose, anus, genital tract, blood

60
Q

Saliva usually contains a mixed flora of about __________.

A

108 organisms per milliliter

61
Q

It carries the most prolific flora in the body

A

Colon

62
Q

In the adult, feces are ___% or more bacteria by weight (about ______ organisms per gram).

A

25%

1010 organisms/g

Micropara (7 decks)

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