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Z. CV FINAL > Microcirculation, Lymphatics, & Local Control of Blood Flow - Quiz 8 > Flashcards

Microcirculation, Lymphatics, & Local Control of Blood Flow - Quiz 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Capillary Filtration?

A

Net movement of water from Capillary to Interstitial Space

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2
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

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3
Q

What is Capillary Reabsorption?

A

Net movement of water from Interstitial space to Capillary

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4
Q

What are the Starling forces regarding Capillary Filtration/Reabsorption? (3)

A
  • Fluid filtered out from Capillary Pressure
  • Fluid reabsorbed from Plasma Osmotic Pressure
  • Fluid in = fluid out
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5
Q

Positive Net Driving Force = ?

A

Capillary Filtration

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6
Q

What is the Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure at the Arteriolar end vs Venous end?

A

Arterial Capillary Pressure: 30 mmHg

Venous Capillary Pressure: 10 mmHg

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7
Q

What NDF favors fluid movement into the capillary?

A

The capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure (πc), which tends to cause osmosis of fluid inward through the capillary membrane.

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8
Q

Negative Net Driving Force = ?

A

Capillary Reabsorption

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9
Q

What are the Net Driving Forces in a Pt. w/ CHF?

A

Back-up of blood increases Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure = Capillary Filtration

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10
Q

What does the Lymphatic System do?

A

Another route that pumps fluid, proteins, and large matter away from tissue space to capillaries

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11
Q

How does the Lymphatic System return Plasma Filtrate back to circulation? (4)

A

1 Tissue Pressure

2 Intermittent Skeletal Muscle Activity

3 Lymphatic Vessel Contraction

4 One-Way Valves

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12
Q

Thoracic Duct (3)

A

Largest Lymphatic Vessel

Found b/t Left IJ & Left Subclavian Vein

Collects most of Body’s Lymph

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13
Q

In terms of Microcirculation, what would cause Edema? (4)

A

↑Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

↑Capillary Permeability

↓Plasma Oncotic Pressure

Lymphatic Obstruction

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14
Q

What are Metarterioles?

A

(Terminal Arterioles)

Precapillary Sphincters that regulate flow into capillaries

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15
Q

What are the Methods of Exchange across the Capillary? (4)

A
  • Diffusion - O2, CO2, Lipid-Solubles
  • Bulk Flow - H20, electrolytes
  • Vesicular Transport - Proteins
  • Active Transport - Ions, glucose, amino acids
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16
Q

What are the two major opposing Hydrostatic Forces?

A

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure & Tissue Interstitial Pressure

17
Q

What are the two major opposing Oncotic Pressures?

A

Capillary Plasma Oncotic Pressure & Tissue Oncotic Pressure

18
Q

What is the Gibbs-Donnan Effect?

A

Extra osmotic pressure caused by Na+, K+, and other cations

19
Q

Capillary ________ is favored at the arteriolar end

Capillary _______ is favored at the venous end

A

Filtration at arteriolar end

Reabsoprtion at venous end

20
Q

How would Dehydration look in Microcirculation?

A

↓Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure: Less Filtration

Net Capillary Reabsorption

21
Q

How much fluid enters the Lymphatic Capillaries?

A

1/10th of Fluid

~2-3 L/day

22
Q

What are the endogenous vasoconstrictors? (5)

A
  • Catecholamines - epi, norepi, dopamine
  • Endothelin
  • Serotonin
  • Angiotensin II
  • Vasopressin
23
Q

What are the endogenous Vasodilators? (8)

A

Histamine

Adenosine

Nitric Oxide

CO2

H+

Prostaglandins

Acetylcholine

Bradykinin

24
Q

What is Metabolic Mechanism?

A

An event that results in inadequate O2 supply for metabolic needs causing formation of vasodilator substance to increase blood flow

25
Q

What are substances that cause Metabolic Mechanism? (6)

A

Adenosine

Potassium Ions

CO2

H+

Lactic Acid

Inorganic Phosphates

26
Q

What is Myogenic Mechanism?

A

Sudden stretch of blood vessel cause smooth muscles to reactively contract to restore vessel diameter & resistance

27
Q

What is Reactive Hyperemia?

A

The rush of blood flow by 4-7x normal when the blood flow of a blocked tissue becomes unblocked

Increased blood flow lasts as long as period of occlusion.

28
Q

What is Blood Flow Autoregulation?

A
  • Ability of organs to maintain constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure
  • This is done using both Metabolic & Myogenic Mechanisms
29
Q

What are the Endothelial Factors that help regulate Blood Flow? (4)

A
  • Nitric Oxide - Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor
  • Prostacyclin - vasodilator
  • Endothelin - vasoconstrictor
  • Endothelial-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor
30
Q

How would Nitric Oxide help with one lung ventilation?

A

It selectively dilates pulmonary vasculature in ventilated areas of the lung. It has a rapid onset of action and short half life that results in essentially no effect on systemic vessels making it a highly selective, short acting pulmonary dilator.

31
Q

What is Nitric Oxide? (4)

A
  • Most important Endothelial-Derived Relaxing Factor
  • Lipophilic Gas, made from L-Arginine
  • Decreases Free Calcium –> Increases cGMP
  • Half Life: 6 seconds
32
Q

What happens when there is damage to the Endothelial Cells?

A

Decreased Nitric Oxide & Prostacylcin

+
Increased Endothelin

=

Vasoconstriction, Vasospasm, Thrombosis

33
Q

What is Long Term Blood Flow Control? (3)

A

Controlled changes over days, weeks, months.

Provide better Control of Flow

Increase/Decrease Size & Number of blood vessels

34
Q

What is Vasomotion?

A

Cyclical Opening & Closing of Precapillary sphincters and Metarterioles

35
Q

What is Active Hyperemia?

A

Increased organ blood flow with Increased Metabolic Activity

36
Q

What stimulates Nitric Oxide Production? (7)

A

Shear Stress

Angiotensin II

Insulin

Substance P

Acetylcholine

Bradykinin

Histamine

37
Q

What is the most potent endogenous inhibitor of platelet aggregation?

A

Prostacyclin

Inhibits platelet aggregation by increasing cAMP

38
Q

What is Angiogenesis?

A

Generation of New Blood Vessels for long term bloodflow regulation.

Prolonged increase in tissue metabolism = Increase in vascularity

39
Q

What is Collateral Circulation?

A
  • Formation of a new vascular channels as a result of a blocked vein or artery to resupply affected tissue.
  • When formations of new channels can’t keep up with blockages, coronary insufficiency & heart attacks happen

Z. CV FINAL (11 decks)

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