Coronary Circulation - Quiz 9 🫀 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Major Coronary Arteries? (4)

A

Right Coronary Artery (RCA) - 85%

Left Main Coronary Artery (LM)

Left Anterior Descending (LAD)

Circumflex Artery (CX)

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2
Q

What is the Ramus Intermedius?

A

Additional Branch in people who have Trifurcation of the Left Main

37%

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3
Q

Do the Epicardial Arteries contribute significantly to Coronary Vascular Resistance?

A

No - Intramyocardial Vessels (Arterioles) contribute the most to resistance

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4
Q

What is Capillary Density and is it increased or decreased in the Myocardium? (2)

A

Number of capillaries per unit cross sectional area.

Capillary Density is increased in the Heart

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5
Q

What are the major Metabolic determinants of Myocardial Oxygen Demand (3)

A

HR, Contractility, Systolic Wall Tension

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6
Q

What are the major determinants of Myocardial Oxygen Supply? (3)

A

Coronary Blood FLow

O2- Carrying Capacity

Vascular Resistance

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7
Q

Is O2 Consumption of the Heart at rest higher or lower than other organs?

A

Higher

Heart > Kidneys > Brain > Liver

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8
Q

Coronary Perfusion Pressure Formula?

A

CPP = DBP - LVEDP (or PCWP)

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9
Q

Is Oxygen highly extracted from blood flowing through the heart?

A

Yes, more than any other organ

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10
Q

What factors control Coronary Blood Flow? (5)

A

Metabolic Control

Autoregulation

Endothelial Control of Tone

Extravascular Compression

Neural Control

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11
Q

Which stage of the heart cycle does the majority of coronary blood flow occur in the left ventricle?

A

Most blood flow during Distole b/c the muscles relax & no longer obstructs blood flow

During Systole, there’s strong compression of vessels by LV muscle

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12
Q

Which Layer of the Myocardium is at the greatest risk for ischemia?

A

Endocardium

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13
Q

What is Coronary Flow Reserve?

A

The Max increase of blood flow through Coronary Arteries above normal resting volume

4-5x more than at rest

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14
Q

Does Pressure Work or Volume Work cause more Heart O2 Consumption?

A

Pressure Work is much more costly

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15
Q

A significant decrease in flow happens at what degree of coronary vessel stenosis?

A

Critical Stenosis

60-75% Reduction

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16
Q

What is the final Intracellular Ion Disturbance that leads to impaired heart contraction & cell death?

A

Intracellular Calcium Overload

17
Q

How does Myocardial Ischemia affect Systolic Function? (2)

A

Akinesis - No Movement

Dyskinesis - Systolic lengthening & Post-Systolic Shortening

18
Q

How does Myocardial Ischemia affect Diastolic Function? (3)

A

↑LVEDP

Impaired Relaxation

↓Compliance

19
Q

What is Myocardia Stunning?

A

Prolonged Heart Dysfunction after episode of severe Ischemia with gradual return of activity

Stunning is Completely Reversible

20
Q

What is Myocardial Hibernation?

A

When heart function is depressed from chronic ishemia

Function can return to normal if blood flow is returned to normal in time

21
Q

What are some consequences of Myocardial Ischemia? (8)

A
  • Systolic/Diastolic Dysfunction
  • Angina
  • CHF
  • Pulmonary Edema
  • MI
  • Ventricular Rupture/VSD
  • Cardiogenic Shock
  • Death
22
Q

What are some drugs used to treat cardiac ischemia? (6)

A

Oxygen
B-Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Nitrates
Antiplatelet/Anticoagulant
Analgesic

23
Q

What are some Interventions used to treat cardiac ischemia? (5)

A
  • CABG
  • Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
    • Balloon Angioplasty
    • Bare-Metal Stents
    • Drug-Eluding Stents
24
Q

How Long should you wait before doing elective surgery for patients w/ Drug-Eluting Stents or Bare-Metal Stents?

A

Drug-Eluting: 1 Year

Bare-Metal: 90 days

25
What are some Drugs used to reduce cardiac ischemic events during surgery? (6)
Anesthetic Gas B-Blockers CC-Blockers Statins Alpha 2 Agonist NTG
26
Should Isoflurane be used for Cardiac Surgery?
No because it causes Coronary Steal
27
What are Collateral Blood Vessels in the Heart? How are they formed?
New vessels that form in response to impaired coronary blood flow. Form from pre-existing arterioles that branches b/t occluded & non-occluded arteries
28
What is Ischemic Preconditioning in the Heart? (3)
Brief periods of Ischemia can be protective against subsequent prolonged ischemic injury Anesthetic Gas: Mimics IPC K+ATP channels play important role
29
What is the main way that the heart compensates for underperfusion?
Increase Coronary Blood Flow - cant extract much more Oxygen
30
What is Cardiac Autoregulation?
Ability of vascular network to maintain constant blood flow Tightly coupled to Demand and is location-dependent
31
What serves as complimentary control of Coronary Blood Flow?
Neural Control
32
What are the Direct effects of Neural Control of Coronary Blood Flow?
Sympathetic Stimulation - Release norepi & Epi
33
What are the Indirect Effects of Neural Control of Coronary Blood Flow?
Increased metabolism activates local blood flow regulatory mechanisms to dilate vessels
34
What is Parasympathetic control of Coronary Blood Flow?
Releases Acetylcholine
35
Define Myocardial Oxygen Consumption
Volume of Oxygen consumed per minute
36
What anesthetic agents are know as anesthetic preconditioning?
Volatile Anesthetics
37
What is myocardial preconditioning?
Describes the experimentally observed phenomenon that an intervention or trigger that results in a reduction of infarcted area in subsequent ischemia.