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Z. CV FINAL > Arterial And Venous System + Body Fluid Compartments - Quiz 7 > Flashcards

Arterial And Venous System + Body Fluid Compartments - Quiz 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What tissues make up the wall of the artery? (4)

A

Endothelium

Elastic Tissue

Smooth Muscle

Fibrous Tissue

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2
Q

What are the 3 tissue layers in the artery wall?

A

Tunica Externa (Adventitia)

Tunica Media

Tunica Intima

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3
Q

What are the Arteriole Wall tissues? (2)

A

Endothelium & Smooth Muscle

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4
Q

What are the Vein wall tissues? (3) (4)

A

Tunic externa, tunica media, tunica intima

Endothelium

Elastic Tissue

Smooth Muscle

Fibrous Tissue

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5
Q

Primary function of Arterial System

A

Distribute blood to capillary system

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6
Q

What do the Arterioles do?

A

Regulate distribution of blood flow to various capillary beds

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7
Q

Where is the pressure lowest as blood goes from aorta to RA?

A

Vena Cava - close to zero

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8
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Difference b/t systolic and diastolic BP

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9
Q

How to Caculate MAP

A

MAP = [2DBP + SBP] / 3

or

MAP = [CO x SVR] + CVP

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10
Q

Waveform as blood moves away from heart to extremities?

A
  • High frequency components of pulse (incisura) become damped, then disappear
  • Systolic part of wave narrow and elevate
  • Hump appear on diastolic part of wave
    Incisura - a downward notch in the curve recording aortic blood pressure that occurs between systole and diastole that is caused by the backflow of blood for a short time before the aortic valves close.
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11
Q

SBP in the foot vs aorta

A

Higher in the foot d/t gravitational pressure

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12
Q

How is pulsatile flow converted to continuous flow?

A

Hydraulic filter makes flow continuous to minimize workload of the heart

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13
Q

Pumping blood thru rigid vessels is ______ work for the heart

A

More

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14
Q

What factors increase pulse pressure?

A
  • Increased Stroke Volumes
    • ↑Preload, ↑Intropy, ↓HR, ↓Afterload
  • Decreased Aortic Compliance
    • Age, HTN, Ateriosclerosis
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15
Q

Why do arteries get stiffer with age?

A

Loss of elastic tissue

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16
Q

Vein Functions (2)

A

Reservoir - 70% of blood volume

Pumps blood forward for venous return

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17
Q

What regulates CVP

A

Balance of heart to pump blood out the RA and RV to lungs

and

Blood flow back to RA

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18
Q

What factors increase CVP? (7)

A
  • ↓Cardiac Output
  • ↑TBV
  • ↑Respiratory Activity
  • Venous Contriction
  • Arterial Dilation
  • Gravity - standing to supine
  • Skeletal Muscle Pump - exercise
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19
Q

In a standing position, where are the highest and lowest venous pressures?

A

Lowest: Sagittal Sinus (Head) = -10mmHg

Highest Feet = 90mmHg

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20
Q

Major risk of sitting position in neurosurgery?

A

venous air embolism (VAE), cerebral ischemia due to hemodynamics compromise, quadriplegia, tension pneumocephalus, and
compressive neuropathy

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21
Q

How does Respiration effect Venous Return? (3)

A
  • Spontanous Breathing
    • Inspiration increases venous return, vice versa
  • Mechanical Breathing
    • Positive Pressure > ↑RA pressure > ↓venous return
  • Valsalva Maneuver
    • ↑Thoracic Pressure –> ↓venous return
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22
Q

How much TBV is in Venous System?

A

70%

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23
Q

Where are major blood reservoirs?

A

Spleen

Liver

Large Abdominal Veins

Venous Plexus under Skin

Heart & Lungs (Not part of venous system)

24
Q

What are the stopcocks of the vascular system?

A

Arterioles - they can constrict and dilate as needed

25
Q

What things make capillaries ideal for nutrient & fluid exchange?

A

Single, thin endothelial layer

Large cross section/surface area

26
Q

Do capillary walls have smooth muscle?

A

No, just endothelial tissue

27
Q

Why can capillaries withstand high intravascular pressure?

A

Laplace’s Law

Very thin wall with very small radius can take more pressure

28
Q

Why is the vascular system distensible? (3)

A
  • Accommodate pulsatile heart output
  • Average out the pressure pulsations
  • Allows smooth, continous blood flow through small vessels
29
Q

What part of the vasculature is most distensible?

A

Veins - reservoir for 0.5 to 1 L of extra blood

30
Q

How much more distensible are veins vs arteries?

A

8x more distensible

31
Q

How do pulmonary arteries compare to systemic arteries?

A

Pulmonary arteries operate at 1/6 pressure and have 6x greater distensibility.

32
Q

What is vessel capacitance/compliance?

A

Total amt. of blood that can be stored in a given portion of circulation for each mmHg pressure rise

33
Q

Which type of vessel dampens pulse and distributes blood?

A

Aorta (25mm)

34
Q

Which vessel type has the function of only distribution?

A

Large arteries (1-4mm)

35
Q

Which vessel type is responsible for distribution & resistance?

A

Small Arteries (0.5-1mm)

36
Q

Which vessel type is primary for exchange?

A

Capillaries (.006-.01mm)

37
Q

Which vessel type has the functions of exchange, collection, and capacitance?

A

Venules (0.5-5mm)

38
Q

Which vessel has a primary function of collection?

A

Vena Cava (35mm)

39
Q

What is the Tunica Intima comprised of? (5)

A

Thinnest layer

Endothelial cells

Intercellular matrix

Subendothelial connective tissue

Internal elastic lamina

40
Q

What is the Tunica Media comprised of? (5)

A

Elastic tissue

Connective tissue

External elastic lamina

Smooth Muscle

Thicker in Arteries than Veins and has more elastic fibers

41
Q

What is the Tunica Extern (Adventitia) comprised of? (5)

A

Connective Tissue

Nerves

External elastic lamina

Nutrient capillaries in larger vessels

Usually thicker in veins to prevent vessel collapse and damage

42
Q

Veins and Arteries are made up from the same tissues, whats the difference?

A

Artery has more elastic tissue and smooth muscle

43
Q

How are small arteries and arterioles innervated?

A

Sympathetic adrenergic nerves - respond to changes in hormones

44
Q

What is transmission of the pressure pulse?

A

When blood first exits the aorta, the sudden ejection causes a distension that spreads further along the aorta.

45
Q

Windkessel Effect

A

During cardiac contraction, energy moves forward to capillaries, but some energy is stored as potential energy for the next contraction.

46
Q

The degree of pulse damping is _______ proportional to resistance x compliance

A

Directly Proportional

47
Q

Compliance is change in _______ divided by change in ______?

A

Compliance = Δvolume/Δpressure

48
Q

Is CVP a good indicator of Volume Status?

A

No, body will try to maintain normal CVP despite abmormal volume amounts.

49
Q

What are the 2 major body fluid compartments?

A

Intracellular: 2/3 or 40% of Total Body Weight

Extracellular: 1/3 or 20% of Total Body Weight

50
Q

What % of Total Body Weight is made of water?

A

~60%

51
Q

How would 1L of 0.9NS distribute to the different fluid compartments?

A

Increases ECF Only

52
Q

How would 0.5% dextrose distribute to the different fluid compartments?

A

D5 starts as isotonic, then becomes hypotonic after body absorbs the glucose –> water will go into cell

53
Q

What parts make up ECF?

A

Interstitial Fluid: 75%

Plasma: 24%

RBC: 1%

54
Q

Is the permeability of the capillary endothelium the same in all the tissues of the body?

A

False

55
Q

What are some of the mechanisms of exchange across the capillary endothelium?

A

diffusion, transcytosis (vesicular), active, and bulk flow

Z. CV FINAL (11 decks)

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