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microcirculation and oedema Flashcards

1
Q

what are the layers of a blood vessel?

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

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2
Q

what are capillary walls made of?

A

single layer of endothelial cells

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3
Q

why are capillaries known as exchange vessels?

A

site of exchange of nutrients and waste products between circulation and ISF

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4
Q

how does blood enter and exit the capillary bed?

A

enters the capillary bed through the terminal arteriole and leaves via post-capillary venule

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5
Q

describe the structure of capillaries

A

Composed of endothelial cells with tight junctions surrounded by basement membrane upon which the endothelium rests

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6
Q

what are the types of capillaries?

A

continuous, fenestrated and discontinuous

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7
Q

which type of capillary is the least permeable?

A

continuous

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8
Q

describe the structure of the continuous capillary

A

sealed endothelium and basement membrane
tight junctions
only allows small molecules to go through

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9
Q

what are the types of continuous capillaries?

A

numerous transport vesicles

few transport vesicles

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10
Q

describe the structure of fenestrated capillaries

A

Continuous closed basal lamina but epithelium contains small circular pores
allows for free passage of small molecules

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11
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

tissues specialised for bulk exchange

Exocrine glands, intestines, glomeruli of kidneys, pancreases, intestines.

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12
Q

which type of capillary is the most permeable?

A

discontinuous

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13
Q

describe the structure of discontinuous capillaries

A

larger fenestrations
discontinuous basal lamina
lack pinocytotic vesicles
allows leakage between endothelial cells

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14
Q

where are discontinuous capillaries found?

A

liver, spleen and bone marrow

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15
Q

how does movement across a capillary endothelial cell occur?

A

diffusion
paracellular pathways
through fenestrations
calveoli

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16
Q

what is fick’s law?

A

amount moved = area x conc. Gradient x diffusion coefficient

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17
Q

what do surface area and diffusion distance depend on?

A

density of capillaries

18
Q

what is paracellular transport?

A

The transfer of substances across an epithelium by passing through the intercellular space between the cells

19
Q

what substances often use paracellular pathways?

A

water-soluble substances

20
Q

what are calveoli?

A

specialised pits that undergo endocytosis and form vesicle

21
Q

what pressures determine fluid movement?

A

hydrostatic and oncotic pressure

22
Q

what determines hydrostatic pressure?

A

blood pressure and the pumping of the heart

23
Q

what is the hydrostatic pressure of the capillaries normally?

A

0 mmHg

24
Q

what determines oncotic pressure?

A

number of plasma proteins in the capillary

25
Q

how is net filtration pressure calculated?

A

(HPc - HPif) - (OPc - OPif)

26
Q

what happens to fluid at the venous and arterial ends of a capillary?

A

arterial end - fluid leaves capillary

venous end - water is drawn back in

27
Q

what are lymphatic capillaries?

A

specialised vessels made up of an endothelium with large intracellular gaps surrounded by permeable b.m

28
Q

why do lymphatic capillaries have one way valves?

A

ensure lymph travels in one direction

29
Q

where can water originally from capillaries be reabsorbed?

A

at the subclavian veins

reabsorbed into circulation at lymph nodes

30
Q

what is an oedema?

A

increased volume in the interstitial compartment leads to tissue swelling

31
Q

what causes an oedema?

A

when there’s too much ISF in the tissues and causes swelling to occur

32
Q

where do systemic oedemas occur?

A

in the lower body

33
Q

how are systemic oedemas recognised?

A

pitting - when firm pressure is applied in the affected area and it doesn’t bounce back immediately
elevated venous pressure in the legs

34
Q

what are the types of oedema?

A

systemic

pulmonary

35
Q

what factors can lead to an oedema?

A

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
decreased plasma oncotic pressure
increased capillary permeabiluty
lymphatic obstruction

36
Q

what complications can an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure lead to?

A

heart failure

37
Q

what is kwashiorkor?

A

severe malnutrition - deficiency in dietary protein

38
Q

what are symptoms of kwashiorkor?

A

pitting oedema

water retention in the gut

39
Q

how do you treat oedema?

A

treat the underlying cause
osmotic diuretics - increase water excretion
loop diuretics - increase sodium excretion

40
Q

what are symptoms of heart failure?

A

Breathlessness after activity or rest
Feeling tired most of the time
Swollen ankles and legs

c (25 decks)

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