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c > anatomy of the respiratory tract > Flashcards

anatomy of the respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

what are the true ribs?

A

ribs 1-7

those that attach directly to the sternum

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2
Q

what are the false ribs?

A

ribs 8-10

indirectly attach to the sternum

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3
Q

what are the floating ribs?

A

ribs 11-12

don’t attach to anything

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4
Q

where are the intercostal spaces?

A

spaces in between the ribs

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5
Q

what are the intercostal spaces named after?

A

the rib above them

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6
Q

what forms the borders of the thoracic inlet?

A

manubrium (anterior border)
T1 vertebra (posterior border)
first pair of ribs (lateral borders)

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7
Q

what is the angle of a rib?

A

where a rib bends acutely

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8
Q

what does the costal groove protect?

A

neurovascular bundle

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9
Q

what is the jugular notch?

A

depression at the top of the sternum between the articulations of both clavicles

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10
Q

which rib inserts into the sternal angle?

A

2nd

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11
Q

what do the ribs articulate with anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

anteriorly - sternum

posteriorly - vertebrae

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12
Q

explain how inspiration occurs

A 
sternum and ribs are lifted upwards and outwards by muscles attached to ribs
diaphragm contracts and flattens
increased thoracic volume
decreased pressure
air enters via pressure gradient
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13
Q

explain how expiration occurs

A 
sternum and ribs lowered
diaphragm relaxes and curves
thoracic volume decreases
pressure increases
air leaves
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14
Q

name the layers of intercostal muscles

A

external
internal
innermost

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15
Q

what innervates intercostal muscles?

A

intercostal vein, artery and nerve

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16
Q

where do posterior intercostal arteries branch from?

A

thoracic aorta

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17
Q

where do anterior intercostal arteries branch from?

A

internal thoracic arteries (branch off the subclavian artery)

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18
Q

what vessel do anterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

internal thoracic vein –> brachiocephalic vein –> heart

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19
Q

what vessel do posterior intercostal veins on the RHS drain into?

A

azygous vein –> superior vena cava

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20
Q

what vessel do posterior intercostal veins on the LHS drain into?

A

hemiazygous vein –> azygous vein –> superior vena cava

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21
Q

which accessory respiratory muscles are involved in inspiration?

A 
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
sternocleidomastoid
serratus anterior
external intercostal muscles
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22
Q

which accessory respiratory muscles are involved in expiration?

A

rectus abdominis

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23
Q

which nerves innervate the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

C3-C5

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24
Q

why is the diaphragm higher on the right?

A

because of the liver

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25
Q

which structures pass through the diaphragm and what level are they at

A

vena cava - T8
Oesophagus - T10
Aorta - T12

26
Q

which muscles are used in quiet inspiration?

A

diaphragm

external intercostals

27
Q

which muscles are used in deep inspiration?

A

scalene muscles
sternocleidomastoid
pectoralis minor

28
Q

which muscles are involved in quiet expiration?

A

recoil of respiratory muscles

29
Q

which muscles are involved in deep expiration?

A

internal intercostal muscles

abdominal muscles

30
Q

what is the pleura?

A

continuous double layered membrane that covers the lungs

31
Q

what are the layers of the pleura?

A

parietal - covers cavity wall

visceral - covers the lungs

32
Q

which pleural layer can sense pain and which cant?

A

parietal - senses pain

visceral - cant sense pain

33
Q

which nerves innervate the parietal pleura?

A

intercostal nerves and nerves of the SNS

34
Q

which nerves innervate the visceral pleura?

A

same innervation as the lungs

35
Q

where is the apex of the lungs?

A

2cm above the clavicle

36
Q

where is the cardiac notch?

A

4th rib

37
Q

where are the lung borders?

A

ribs 6, 8 and 10

38
Q

where are the pleural borders?

A

ribs 8, 10 and 12

39
Q

where is the costophrenic recess?

A

space between the visceral and parietal pleura at the inferior aspect of the lung

40
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

superior and inferior

41
Q

what fissure(s) separates the lobes in the left lung?

A

oblique fissure

42
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3
superior
middle
inferior

43
Q

what fissure(s) separates the lobes in the right lung?

A

horizontal

oblique

44
Q

describe the pathway of the respiratory tree

A

trachea –> main bronchus –> lobar bronchus –> segmental bronchi –> conducting bronchioles –> terminal bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts –> alveolar sacs

45
Q

what shaped cartilage does the trachea have?

A

C shaped

46
Q

where does the trachea split into the bronchi?

A

carina

47
Q

how is the left bronchus orientated?

A

horizontally

48
Q

how is the right bronchus orientated?

A

vertical

49
Q

how many lobar bronchi does the left lung have?

A

2

50
Q

how many lobar bronchi does the right lung have?

A

3

51
Q

do the bronchi have cartilage?

A

yes

52
Q

do the bronchioles have cartilage?

A

no

53
Q

what is the hilum?

A

the root of the lungs where all structures either enter or exit

54
Q

how can we distinguish between the structures in the hilum?

A

bronchus has cartilage with thick walls

PAs are above the PVs

55
Q

what structures leave the lung via the hilum?

A

bronchus, pulmonary artery and vein

56
Q

describe the passage of the pulmonary circulation

A

right ventricle –> pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs for gas exchange –> pulmonary veins –> heart

57
Q

what is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

a subdivision of a lung lobe

58
Q

what does each bronchopulmonary segment have?

A 
bronchus
artery
vein
nerve
lymph vessel
59
Q

what is the advantage of having bronchopulmonary segments?

A

if one is damaged then it can be surgically removed without impairing the function of the lungs

only impairs the size of the lungs

60
Q

what shape are the bronchopulmonary segments?

A

pyramid shaped

61
Q

what surrounds the bronchopulmonary segments?

A

connective tissue

62
Q

where does the segmental vein lie?

A

in the CT between segments

c (25 decks)

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