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anatomy of the respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

what are the true ribs?

A

ribs 1-7

those that attach directly to the sternum

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2
Q

what are the false ribs?

A

ribs 8-10

indirectly attach to the sternum

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3
Q

what are the floating ribs?

A

ribs 11-12

don’t attach to anything

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4
Q

where are the intercostal spaces?

A

spaces in between the ribs

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5
Q

what are the intercostal spaces named after?

A

the rib above them

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6
Q

what forms the borders of the thoracic inlet?

A

manubrium (anterior border)
T1 vertebra (posterior border)
first pair of ribs (lateral borders)

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7
Q

what is the angle of a rib?

A

where a rib bends acutely

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8
Q

what does the costal groove protect?

A

neurovascular bundle

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9
Q

what is the jugular notch?

A

depression at the top of the sternum between the articulations of both clavicles

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10
Q

which rib inserts into the sternal angle?

A

2nd

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11
Q

what do the ribs articulate with anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

anteriorly - sternum

posteriorly - vertebrae

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12
Q

explain how inspiration occurs

A 
sternum and ribs are lifted upwards and outwards by muscles attached to ribs
diaphragm contracts and flattens
increased thoracic volume
decreased pressure
air enters via pressure gradient
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13
Q

explain how expiration occurs

A 
sternum and ribs lowered
diaphragm relaxes and curves
thoracic volume decreases
pressure increases
air leaves
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14
Q

name the layers of intercostal muscles

A

external
internal
innermost

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15
Q

what innervates intercostal muscles?

A

intercostal vein, artery and nerve

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16
Q

where do posterior intercostal arteries branch from?

A

thoracic aorta

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17
Q

where do anterior intercostal arteries branch from?

A

internal thoracic arteries (branch off the subclavian artery)

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18
Q

what vessel do anterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

internal thoracic vein –> brachiocephalic vein –> heart

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19
Q

what vessel do posterior intercostal veins on the RHS drain into?

A

azygous vein –> superior vena cava

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20
Q

what vessel do posterior intercostal veins on the LHS drain into?

A

hemiazygous vein –> azygous vein –> superior vena cava

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21
Q

which accessory respiratory muscles are involved in inspiration?

A 
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
sternocleidomastoid
serratus anterior
external intercostal muscles
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22
Q

which accessory respiratory muscles are involved in expiration?

A

rectus abdominis

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23
Q

which nerves innervate the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

C3-C5

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24
Q

why is the diaphragm higher on the right?

A

because of the liver

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25
which structures pass through the diaphragm and what level are they at
vena cava - T8 Oesophagus - T10 Aorta - T12
26
which muscles are used in quiet inspiration?
diaphragm | external intercostals
27
which muscles are used in deep inspiration?
scalene muscles sternocleidomastoid pectoralis minor
28
which muscles are involved in quiet expiration?
recoil of respiratory muscles
29
which muscles are involved in deep expiration?
internal intercostal muscles | abdominal muscles
30
what is the pleura?
continuous double layered membrane that covers the lungs
31
what are the layers of the pleura?
parietal - covers cavity wall | visceral - covers the lungs
32
which pleural layer can sense pain and which cant?
parietal - senses pain | visceral - cant sense pain
33
which nerves innervate the parietal pleura?
intercostal nerves and nerves of the SNS
34
which nerves innervate the visceral pleura?
same innervation as the lungs
35
where is the apex of the lungs?
2cm above the clavicle
36
where is the cardiac notch?
4th rib
37
where are the lung borders?
ribs 6, 8 and 10
38
where are the pleural borders?
ribs 8, 10 and 12
39
where is the costophrenic recess?
space between the visceral and parietal pleura at the inferior aspect of the lung
40
how many lobes does the left lung have?
2 | superior and inferior
41
what fissure(s) separates the lobes in the left lung?
oblique fissure
42
how many lobes does the right lung have?
3 superior middle inferior
43
what fissure(s) separates the lobes in the right lung?
horizontal | oblique
44
describe the pathway of the respiratory tree
trachea --> main bronchus --> lobar bronchus --> segmental bronchi --> conducting bronchioles --> terminal bronchioles --> respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts --> alveolar sacs
45
what shaped cartilage does the trachea have?
C shaped
46
where does the trachea split into the bronchi?
carina
47
how is the left bronchus orientated?
horizontally
48
how is the right bronchus orientated?
vertical
49
how many lobar bronchi does the left lung have?
2
50
how many lobar bronchi does the right lung have?
3
51
do the bronchi have cartilage?
yes
52
do the bronchioles have cartilage?
no
53
what is the hilum?
the root of the lungs where all structures either enter or exit
54
how can we distinguish between the structures in the hilum?
bronchus has cartilage with thick walls | PAs are above the PVs
55
what structures leave the lung via the hilum?
bronchus, pulmonary artery and vein
56
describe the passage of the pulmonary circulation
right ventricle --> pulmonary trunk --> pulmonary arteries --> lungs for gas exchange --> pulmonary veins --> heart
57
what is a bronchopulmonary segment?
a subdivision of a lung lobe
58
what does each bronchopulmonary segment have?
``` bronchus artery vein nerve lymph vessel ```
59
what is the advantage of having bronchopulmonary segments?
if one is damaged then it can be surgically removed without impairing the function of the lungs only impairs the size of the lungs
60
what shape are the bronchopulmonary segments?
pyramid shaped
61
what surrounds the bronchopulmonary segments?
connective tissue
62
where does the segmental vein lie?
in the CT between segments

c (25 decks)

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