anatomy of sinuses and larynx

Question 1

what marks the upper and lower airway?

Answer 1

upper - everything up to the larynx

lower - trachea and everything below it

Question 2

what is the bony skeleton of the oral cavity made of?

Answer 2

maxilla and mandible

Question 3

what bacteria is the main cause of bacterial tonsillitis?

Answer 3

Strep pyogenes

Question 4

how is bacterial tonsillitis treated?

Answer 4

long course of penicillin

Question 5

what can happen if tonsillitis isn’t treated?

Answer 5

abcesses can form and need surgical drainage

quinsy

Question 6

what is quinsy?

Answer 6

inflammation of the throat, especially an abscess in the region of the tonsils - complication of tonsilitis

Question 7

what are the functions of the nasal cavity?

Answer 7

• Warms and dehumidifies inspired air
• Removes and traps pathogens from inspired air
• Sense of smell
• Drains paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts

Question 8

what nerve innervates the olfactory region?

Answer 8

olfactory nerve

Question 9

how does the olfactory nerve enter the nasal cavity

Answer 9

Runs inferiorly from the olfactory bulb through the perforated cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone to enter the nasal cavity

Question 10

what are paranasal sinuses?

Answer 10

Hollow spaces within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones.

Question 11

what do all the paranasal sinuses drain into?

Answer 11

nasal cavity

Question 12

name the paranasal sinuses

Answer 12

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary

Question 13

how do the frontal sinuses drain into the nasal cavity?

Answer 13

Frontonasal duct to semilunar hiatus on the lateral wall

Question 14

name the ethmoid sinuses

Answer 14

anterior ethmoid
middle ethmoid
posterior ethmoid

Question 15

how do the ethmoid sinuses drain into the nasal cavity?

Answer 15

Anterior ethmoid sinus – semilunar hiatus
Middle ethmoid sinus – Ethmoid bulla
Posterior ethmoid sinus – Superior meatus

Question 16

how does the sphenoid sinus drain into the nasal cavity?

Answer 16

Drains to the roof of the nasal cavity

Question 17

how does the maxillary sinus drain into the nasal cavity?

Answer 17

semilunar hiatus

Question 18

what is the pharynx?

Answer 18

Muscular tube connecting oral and nasal cavities to the trachea and oesophagus

Question 19

what muscles control the shape of the pharynx and propulsion of food?

Answer 19

circular and longitudinal muscles

Question 20

what innervates the circular and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?

Answer 20

All are innervated by the vagus apart from stylopharyngeus, which is supplied by the glossopharyngeal

Question 21

name the regions of the pharynx and what innervates them

Answer 21

Trigeminal nerve for nasopharynx
Glossopharyngeal for oreopharynx
Vagus for larynxgopharynx

Question 22

what is the pharynx continuous with?

Answer 22

trachea

Question 23

what does the pharynx connect?

Answer 23

upper and lower airway

Question 24

what is the pharynx made of?

Answer 24

9 cartilages with connecting ligaments, muscles and vocal cords

Question 25

what are the paired and unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

Answer 25

Three unpaired – Epiglottis, Thyroid and Cricoid

Three paired – Arytenoid, Corniculate and Cuneiform (Anterior to Corniculate)

Question 26

what is the function of the larynx?

Answer 26

responsible for phonation and protection of lower airway

Question 27

what is the larynx supplied by?

Answer 27

Supplied by Sup. laryngeal artery (ECA) and Inf. Laryngeal artery (thyrocervical trunk)

Question 28

what is the superior laryngeal supplied by?

Answer 28

superior thyroid artery – branches from external carotid artery

Question 29

what is the inferior laryngeal supplied by?

Answer 29

inferior thyroid artery – branches from thyrocervical trunk

Question 30

what is endotracheal intubation?

Answer 30

Insertion of plastic tube via mouth, past vocal cords into trachea