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Cardiovascular I > Microcirculation and lymphatics > Flashcards

Microcirculation and lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

What is vasomotion?

A

Intermittency of blood flow through the capillaries

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2
Q

How is blood flow through the capillaries regulated?

A

Contraction and relaxation of the arterioles and precapillary sphincters

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3
Q

What are factors the affect the rate of diffusion through a cell membrane?

A

Lipid solubility
Molecular size
Concentration gradient
Membrane surface area
Composition of lipid layer

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4
Q

What is microcirculation?

A

Transport across the capillary wall

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5
Q

What is Pc?

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

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6
Q

What is Pi?

A

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

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7
Q

What is pi-c?

A

Capillary oncotic pressure

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8
Q

What is pi-i?

A

Interstitial oncotic pressure

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9
Q

What is the starling equation?

A

Fluid movement(Jv) = Kf x A [(Pc-Pi) - sigma(pi-c - pi-i)]

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10
Q

What factors in the starling equation increase capillary filtration?

A

Increased Pc
Decreased Pi
Decreased pi-c
Increased pi-i

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11
Q

What can increase pi-i?

A

Inadequate lymph filtration

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12
Q

What can decrease pi-c?

A

Decreased protein concentration in blood

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13
Q

What can increase Pc?

A

Increased arterial and venous pressure
Arteriolar dilation
Venous constriction

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14
Q

What determines Kf?

A

Physical properties of the barrier

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15
Q

What is sigma represent in the Starling equation?

A

Reflection coefficient

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16
Q

What does is mean when the reflection coefficient is equal to 1? When it is equal to 0?

A

If sigma=1 the capillary is impermeable to protein
If sigma=0 the capillary is freely permeable to protein

17
Q

What is the net movement of fluid at the arterial end of the capillary?

A

Net outward force of 13 mmHg

18
Q

What is the net movement of fluid at the venous end of the capillary?

A

Net inward force of 7 mmHg

19
Q

What occurs when net filtration exceeds the capacity of the lymphatics?

A

Edema

20
Q

What factors prevent interstitial pulmonary edema?

A

Decreased RV force of contraction compared to LV
Increased lymph flow
Decreased interstitial oncotic pressure
High interstitial compliance

21
Q

What vasoconstrictors act on Gq receptors?

A

Norepinephrine/epinephrine
Vasopressin/ADH
Angiotensin II
Endothelin-1

22
Q

What are the steps in Gq mediated vasoconstriction?

A

Activation of Gq protein
G protein coupled activation of PLC
Phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and formation of IP3 and DAG
IP3 mobilizes Ca++ from SR –> increased free Ca++
Ca++ binds to calmodulin which activates MLCK
Active myosin cross-bridges along actin

23
Q

What vasodilators act on Gs receptors?

A

Epinephrine
Adenosine
Prostaglandin I2 and Prostacyclin

24
Q

What vasodilators act via NO release?

A

Bradykinin
ACH
Histamine
Substance-P

25
Q

Where is autoregulation of blood flow well-developed?

A

Kidney
Brain
Heart
Skeletal muscle
Mesentery

26
Q

What is blood flow autoregulation?

A

Blood flow to an organ remains constant over a wide range of perfusion pressure

27
Q

What factors determine autoregulation in the heart?

A

Local metabolites

28
Q

What factors determine autoregulation of the brain?

A

Local metabolites - CO2

29
Q

What factors determine autoregulation in the kidneys?

A

Myogenic
Tubuloglomerular feedback

30
Q

What factors determine autoregulation in the lungs?

A

Hypoxia causes vasoconstriction

31
Q

What factors determine autoregulation in the skeletal muscle?

A

Local metabolites produced during exercise
Sympathetic tone at rest

32
Q

What factors determine autoregulation of the skin?

A

SyNS –> temperature control

33
Q

About how much fluid is returned to the vascular system form lymphatics a day?

A

About 3 L/day

34
Q

What is the relationship between lymph flow and interstitial fluid pressure?

A

An increase in interstitial fluid pressure will increase lymph flow

35
Q

At what interstitial fluid pressure with lymph flow plateau?

A

2 mmHg

Cardiovascular I (20 decks)

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