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Cardiovascular I > Cardiac cycle > Flashcards

Cardiac cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is associated with S4 heart sound?

A

End of atrial emptying, after atrial contraction

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2
Q

What is associated with S1 heart sound?

A

Closing of AV valves

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3
Q

What is associated with S2 heart sound?

A

Semilunar valves close

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4
Q

What is the cause of the physiological split of S2?

A

Aortic valve closes earlier than pulmonary valve

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5
Q

What is associated with S3 heart sound?

A

Filling of ventricles –> increased turbulence

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6
Q

What is the normal pressure range of the R atrium?

A

2-8 mmHg

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7
Q

What are the normal pressure ranges of the R ventricle?

A

Systolic: 15-30 mmHg
Diastolic: 2-8 mmHg

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8
Q

What are the normal pressure ranges of the pulmonary arteries?

A

Systolic: 15-30 mmHg
Diastolic: 4-12 mmHg

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9
Q

What is the normal pressure range of the pulmonary capillaries?

A

2-10 mmHg

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10
Q

What is the normal pressure range of the L atrium?

A

2-10 mmHg

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11
Q

What are the normal pressure ranges of the L ventricle?

A

Systolic: 100-140 mmHg
Diastolic: 3-12 mmHg

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12
Q

What are the normal pressure ranges of the aorta?

A

Systolic: 100-140 mmHg
Diastolic: 60-90 mmHg

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13
Q

What causes the jugular venous pulse?

A

Pressure fluctuations in the R atrium

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14
Q

What does the a wave/peak in jugular venous pressure represent?

A

R atrial systole

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15
Q

What does the c wave/peak in jugular venous pressure represent?

A

R ventricular contraction causing bulging of tricuspid valve into the R atrium

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16
Q

What does the v wave/peak in jugular venous pressure represent?

A

Atrial filling with closed tricuspid valve –> increase in pressure form increased venous return

17
Q

What is indicated by the x descent in jugular venous pressure graph?

A

Atrial relaxation

18
Q

What is indicated by the y descent in jugular venous pressure graph?

A

Passive emptying of R atrium

19
Q

Explain the abdominojugular reflex test.

A

Pressing on the liver to increase venous return
Normal: slight rise in JV distention that quickly returns to previous
RHF: Prominent JV distension that is maintained

20
Q

What is Kussmaul’s sign and what does it indicate?

A

Increase in JV distension during inspiration, when it should decrease
Sign of RHF

21
Q

What is indicated by splitting of S1?

A

Right bundle branch block

22
Q

What is indicated by wide splitting of S2?

A

Pulmonic stenosis
R bundle branch block

23
Q

What is indicated by fixed splitting of S2?

A

ASD

24
Q

What is indicated by paradoxical splitting of S2?

A

Aortic stenosis
L bundle branch block

25
Q

When is S3 physiological?

A

Children and pregnancy

26
Q

What heart sound is associated with LVH?

A

S4

27
Q

What are the important aspects to note if there is a murmur?

A

Site of origin/maximum intensity
Timing
Duration
Character
Radiation/conduction
Relation to respiration

28
Q

Where would a murmur from mitral stenosis radiate?

A

localized

29
Q

Where would a murmur from mitral incompetence radiate?

A

Towards axilla

30
Q

What is indicated by a murmur that is louder during inspiration?

A

Murmur originates from the RV

31
Q

What is indicated by a murmur that is louder during expiration?

A

Originates from the LV

32
Q

What type of timing is seen with a stenotic semilunar murmur?

A

Systolic

33
Q

What type of timing is seen with an insufficient semilunar murmur?

A

Diastolic

34
Q

What type of timing is seen with a stenotic AV murmur?

A

Diastolic

35
Q

What type of timing is seen with an insufficiency AV murmur?

A

Systolic

36
Q

What murmur has a characteristic opening snap?

A

Mitral stenosis

Cardiovascular I (20 decks)

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