Cardiac cycle Flashcards
What is associated with S4 heart sound?
End of atrial emptying, after atrial contraction
What is associated with S1 heart sound?
Closing of AV valves
What is associated with S2 heart sound?
Semilunar valves close
What is the cause of the physiological split of S2?
Aortic valve closes earlier than pulmonary valve
What is associated with S3 heart sound?
Filling of ventricles –> increased turbulence
What is the normal pressure range of the R atrium?
2-8 mmHg
What are the normal pressure ranges of the R ventricle?
Systolic: 15-30 mmHg
Diastolic: 2-8 mmHg
What are the normal pressure ranges of the pulmonary arteries?
Systolic: 15-30 mmHg
Diastolic: 4-12 mmHg
What is the normal pressure range of the pulmonary capillaries?
2-10 mmHg
What is the normal pressure range of the L atrium?
2-10 mmHg
What are the normal pressure ranges of the L ventricle?
Systolic: 100-140 mmHg
Diastolic: 3-12 mmHg
What are the normal pressure ranges of the aorta?
Systolic: 100-140 mmHg
Diastolic: 60-90 mmHg
What causes the jugular venous pulse?
Pressure fluctuations in the R atrium
What does the a wave/peak in jugular venous pressure represent?
R atrial systole
What does the c wave/peak in jugular venous pressure represent?
R ventricular contraction causing bulging of tricuspid valve into the R atrium
What does the v wave/peak in jugular venous pressure represent?
Atrial filling with closed tricuspid valve –> increase in pressure form increased venous return
What is indicated by the x descent in jugular venous pressure graph?
Atrial relaxation
What is indicated by the y descent in jugular venous pressure graph?
Passive emptying of R atrium
Explain the abdominojugular reflex test.
Pressing on the liver to increase venous return
Normal: slight rise in JV distention that quickly returns to previous
RHF: Prominent JV distension that is maintained
What is Kussmaul’s sign and what does it indicate?
Increase in JV distension during inspiration, when it should decrease
Sign of RHF
What is indicated by splitting of S1?
Right bundle branch block
What is indicated by wide splitting of S2?
Pulmonic stenosis
R bundle branch block
What is indicated by fixed splitting of S2?
ASD
What is indicated by paradoxical splitting of S2?
Aortic stenosis
L bundle branch block
When is S3 physiological?
Children and pregnancy
What heart sound is associated with LVH?
S4
What are the important aspects to note if there is a murmur?
Site of origin/maximum intensity
Timing
Duration
Character
Radiation/conduction
Relation to respiration
Where would a murmur from mitral stenosis radiate?
localized
Where would a murmur from mitral incompetence radiate?
Towards axilla
What is indicated by a murmur that is louder during inspiration?
Murmur originates from the RV
What is indicated by a murmur that is louder during expiration?
Originates from the LV
What type of timing is seen with a stenotic semilunar murmur?
Systolic
What type of timing is seen with an insufficient semilunar murmur?
Diastolic
What type of timing is seen with a stenotic AV murmur?
Diastolic
What type of timing is seen with an insufficiency AV murmur?
Systolic
What murmur has a characteristic opening snap?
Mitral stenosis
