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Cardiovascular I > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

From what germ layer are the heart and vessels developed from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm of lateral plate mesoderm of mesoderm

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2
Q

When does development of the primitive heart tube occur?

A

Week 3, day 16

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3
Q

When does the primitive heart begin to beat?

A

Week 4, around day 19-20

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4
Q

What is the sinus venosus?

A

Inferior portion of primitive heart tube that receives blood from the placenta

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5
Q

What are the parts of the primitive heart tube from inferior to superior?

A

Sinus venosus
Primitive atrium
Primitive ventricle
Bulbus cordis
Truncus arteriosus

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6
Q

Where does blood from the primitive heart tube go?

A

Into the aortic arch system

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7
Q

What develops from the truncus arterioris?

A

Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk

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8
Q

What develops from the bulbus cordis?

A

Conus arteriosus
Aortic vestibule

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9
Q

What develops from the primitive ventricle?

A

Trabeculated portions of the R and L ventricle

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10
Q

What develops from the primitive atrium?

A

Trabeculated portions of the R and L atrium

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11
Q

What develops from the sinus venosus?

A

Left horn becomes coronary sinus
Right horn becomes sinus venarum

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12
Q

What is another name for heart tube folding?

A

Cardiac looping

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13
Q

About when does cardiac looping end?

A

Day 28

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14
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

Heart lies on the R instead of the L

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15
Q

What occurs during cardiac looping that leads to dextrocardia?

A

Heart loops to the L instead of to the R

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16
Q

What other condition is associated with dextrocardia?

A

Situs inversus

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17
Q

What does the atrial septum begin to develop?

A

Day 30

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18
Q

What neural crest derivative is the beginning of atrial septum development?

A

Endocardial cushions

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19
Q

Where do the endocardial cushions appear?

A

AV canal

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20
Q

What does the interatrial septum develop from?

A

Septum primum and septum secundum

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21
Q

What mechanism closes the foramen ovale?

A

Pressure in the L atrium presses the septa together and closes the foramen

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22
Q

Which shunting is associated with non-cyanotic defects?

A

Left to right

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23
Q

What type of shunting is seen with ASD?

A

Left to right

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24
Q

What occurs with premature closure of the oval foramen?

A

Massive hypertrophy of R atrium and R ventricle
Underdevelopment of L side of heart
Death shortly after birth

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25
Q

What is the time frame for IV septum development?

A

Wk 4 to wk 7

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26
Q

What forms the thick muscular component of the IV septum?

A

Septum from the base of the ventricle

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27
Q

What forms the membranous part of the IV septum?

A

R conus swelling
L conus swelling
Inferior endocardial AV cushions

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28
Q

What defect is associated with failure of migration of neural crest cells into the endocardial cushions?

A

Ventral septal defects

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29
Q

What defect is associated with abnormal development of septum primum or septum secondum?

A

Atrial septal defects

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30
Q

What type of shunting is seen in VSDs?

A

Left to right

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31
Q

What septal defect is pulmonary HTN related to?

A

VSD

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32
Q

What develops into the tricuspid and mitral valves?

A

Atrioventricular endocardial cushion tissue

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33
Q

What develops into the semilunar valves?

A

3 swellings of subendocardial cushions

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34
Q

How can blood enter the lungs in pulmonary valvular atresia?

A

Can back flow from aorta through patent ductus arteriosus

35
Q

What develops from the conotruncal swellings?

A

Aorticopulmonary septum/conotruncal septum

36
Q

What are the three truncus arteriosus defects?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of great vessels
Persistent truncus arteriosus

37
Q

What is a common symptom of all truncus arteriosus defects?

A

All are cyanotic, blood flows from R to L

38
Q

What are the 4 cardiovascular alterations seen in tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Pulmonary stenosis
VSD
Overriding aorta directly above septal defect
R ventricular hypertrophy

39
Q

What other conditions are associated with transposition of the great vessels?

A

VSD or ASD
Patent ductus arteriosus

40
Q

What heart defect is associated with DiGeorge syndrome?

A

Persistent truncus arteriosus

41
Q

What other heart defect is associated with persistent truncus arteriosus?

42
Q

What is vasculogenesis?

A

Vessels arise from angioblast cells

43
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Vessels sprout from existing vessels

44
Q

When does hematopoiesis shift to the liver from the yolk sac?

45
Q

When is hematopoiesis mostly taken over by the bone marrow?

A

Month 5 to 6

46
Q

When does the R recurrent laryngeal N hook around the R subclavian A?

A

After the distal part of the R sixth aortic arch disappears

47
Q

What happens to the first aortic arch?

A

Mostly disappears
Part becomes maxillary A

48
Q

What happens to the second aortic arch?

A

Mostly disappears
Part becomes hyoid A and stapedial A

49
Q

What develops from the fourth R aortic arch?

A

Proximal part of R subclavian A

50
Q

What develops from the fourth L aortic arch?

A

Arch of aorta

51
Q

What develops from the sixth aortic arch?

A

Proximal pulmonary arteries
Ductus arteriosus (L only)

52
Q

What develops from the vitelline arteries?

A

Celiac A
Superior mesenteric A

53
Q

What is the artery of the foregut?

54
Q

What is the artery of the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric A

55
Q

What develops from the proximal umbilical arteries?

A

Internal iliac A
Superior vesical A

56
Q

What artery develops from the general umbilical arteries?

A

Inferior mesenteric A

57
Q

What is the artery of the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric A

58
Q

What develops from the distal portion of the umbilical arteries?

A

Medial umbilical ligaments

59
Q

What structure is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

60
Q

When is PDA common?

A

Premature infants
Maternal rubella infections

61
Q

Is PDA cyanotic?

62
Q

What maintains ductus arteriosus patency?

A

Prostaglandins

63
Q

What are the 2 characterizations of coarctation of the aorta?

A

Preductal type
Postductal type

64
Q

What supplies caudal body in coarctation of the aorta?

A

Hypertrophied intercostal A and internal thoracic A

65
Q

What is associated with rib notching?

A

Dilatation of intercostal As seen in coarctation of the aorta

66
Q

What heart defect is associated with elevated BP in the upper limbs and low BP in the legs?

A

Coarctation of the aorta

67
Q

Increased levels of what close the ductus arteriosus?

A

Bradykinin

68
Q

Describe abnormal origin of the R subclavian A.

A

A is formed from distal portion of R aorta and 7th intersegmental A, just inferior to the L subclavian A

69
Q

What structure can be compressed by a R subclavian A of abnormal origin?

A

Esophagus
Possibly trachea

70
Q

What structure is obliterated abnormally leading to R subclavian A of abnormal origin?

A

R fourth aortic arch

71
Q

What is the relation between the esophagus and a R subclavian A of abnormal origin?

A

The R subclavian passes behind the esophagus in the superior mediastinum

72
Q

What are the 3 major sets of embryonic veins?

A

Cardinal Vs
Vitelline Vs
Umbilical V

73
Q

What develops from the anterior cardinal vein?

A

Internal jugular
SVC and its tributaries

74
Q

What develops from the vitelline veins?

A

Hepatic portal system
Hepatic sinusoids

75
Q

What develops from the umbilical vein?

A

Ligamentum teres (hepatis)

76
Q

What develops from the posterior cardinal V?

A

Portion of azygos system
Common iliac veins
Veins of pelvis and lower limbs

77
Q

What develops from the supra-cardinal vein?

A

Veins of thoracic wall
Portion of IVC

78
Q

What develops from the sub-cardinal V?

A

Part of IVC
Renal Vs
Gonadal Vs

79
Q

When do the lymphatic sacs start to develop from the veins?

80
Q

List the lymphatic sacs.

A

Two jugular
Two iliac/posterior
1 retroperitoneal
Cisternal chyli

81
Q

What develops from the jugular lymph sacs?

A

Deep cervical lymph nodes

82
Q

What develops from the iliac lymph sacs?

A

Iliac lymph nodes

83
Q

What develops from the retroperitoneal lymph sac?

A

Lumbar/paraaortic lymph nodes
Cisterna chyli

Cardiovascular I (20 decks)

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