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Cardiovascular I > Mediastinum > Flashcards

Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

At what plane is the mediastinum divided into superior and inferior?

A

At the level of the sternal angle passing through the IV disc between T4 and T5

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2
Q

What is the posterior boundary of superior mediastinum?

A

Upper 4 thoracic vertebrae

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3
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the superior mediastinum?

A

Manubrium of sternum

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4
Q

What is the superior boundary of the superior mediastinum?

A

Superior thoracic inlet

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5
Q

What are the main contents of the superior mediastinum?

A

Thymus
R and L brachiocephalic V and their joining to form the SVC
Ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta
3 branches of aortic arch: brachiocephalic trunk, L common carotid, and L subclavian
R and L vagus N
R and L phrenic N
Trachea
Esophagus
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct

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6
Q

What are the main contents of the anterior mediastinum?

A

Thymus
Substernal fat and fascia

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7
Q

What are the main contents of the middle mediastinum?

A

Pericardium
Heart

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8
Q

What are the main contents of the posterior mediastinum?

A

Esophagus
Thoracic/descending aorta
Vagus N
Splanchnic N
Azygos V
Hemiazygos V
Thoracic duct

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9
Q

What part of the mediastinum is the bifurcation of the trachea located?

A

Posterior mediastinum

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10
Q

What structure can compress the esophagus in the posterior mediastinum?

A

Left atrium

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11
Q

What symptom can result from left atrium hypertrophy and why?

A

Dysphagia from compression of the esophagus

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12
Q

What is the bony landmark for the beginning of the descending aorta?

A

Left side of inferior border of the body of T4 vertebra

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13
Q

What are the branches of the descending aorta in the thorax?

A

Posterior intercostals
Subcostal
Bronchial
Mediastinal
Esophageal
Superior phrenic

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14
Q

What vein forms a direct connection between the IVC and SVC?

A

Azygos V

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15
Q

What veins are continuous with the ascending lumber veins?

A

Azygos and hemiazygos Vs

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16
Q

What vein drains the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen?

A

Azygos vein

17
Q

What areas of the body does lymph in the thoracic duct drain from?

A

Lower limbs
Pelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
LUL
Left side of thorax, head, and neck

18
Q

What areas of the body does lymph in the right lymphatic duct drain from?

A

RUL
Right side of thorax, head, and neck

19
Q

Where is the insertion point of the endoscope in a mediastinoscopy?

A

Just superior to the jugular notch of the manubrium

20
Q

What is a common cause of general mediastinum widening on chest radiographs?

A

Massive enlargement of lymph nodes due to cancer

21
Q

What is a common cause of widening of the inferior mediastinum?

A

Hypertrophy of the heart

22
Q

What is common cause of hypertrophy of the heart?

A

Congestive heart failure

Cardiovascular I (20 decks)

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