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Microbiology > Microbiomes - L4B > Flashcards

Microbiomes - L4B Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a microbiome?

A

functional collection of microbes at an environmental site

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2
Q

what is a microbiota?

A

type of organisms present at all environmental site

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3
Q

the name for good microbiomes?

A

symbionts

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4
Q

the name for bad symbionts?

A

pathogens

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5
Q

importance of the microbiome?

A
  • Development of new therapeutics
  • Personalised therapies
  • Probiotic treatment
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6
Q

where is symbiotic bacteria found?

A
  • oral cavity
  • gut
  • skin
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7
Q

what was the stomach long thought to be?

A
  • sterile
  • now known to host a diverse microbiome
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8
Q

what are some core microbes of the stomach?

A
  • prevotella
  • streptococcus
  • lactobacillus
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9
Q

what is the large intestine home to?

A

ver large numbers of bacteria and some archaea

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10
Q

what are the 3 enterotypes of the gut microbiome?

A

prevotella

bacteroidetes

ruminococcus

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11
Q

why is an altered endocrine function bad?

A

increased insulin resistance

alteres glucose metabolism

causes diabetes

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12
Q

why is modulation of lipid metabolism bad?

A

obesity

hypertension

cardiovascular disease

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13
Q

why is production of neurotransmitters bad?

A

mental health problems

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14
Q

3 functions of oral microbiome?

A
  • prevent dental cavities originating
  • control vascular health
  • aid normal development of immunity
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15
Q

what was the lung microbiome thought to be?

A
  • sterile
  • is NOW known as a diverse microbial habitat
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16
Q

what affects the development of lung microbiome?

A
  • geographical location
  • environmental conditions
17
Q

why is it difficult to sample lower airway microbiome?

A

due to issues with contamination, access, invasiveness

  • where to sample and transport of microbial samples
18
Q

name 2 diseases associated with lung microbiome

A
  • rhinovirus
  • influenza
19
Q

where is bacteria trapped when inhaled?

A
  • mucous secretions
20
Q

main bacteria in upper respiratory tract?

A
  • streptococci
  • staphylococci
21
Q

what is the lower airway microbiota dominated by?

A

actinobacteria

proteobacteria,

22
Q

how many bacterial genomes in the lower airway?

A

approx 2000 bacterial genomes per cm^2

23
Q

what is seen in diseased airways?

A

candida

penicillin

24
Q

what is seen in cystic fibrosis and asthma ?

A

Malassezia

25
Q

what can an unstable microbiome leads to>

A

increased risk of infection and disease

Number of infections at early age affects later life events

Dynamic interaction between different microbes

26
Q

what do microbiomes release?

A

products to make microbes more susceptible or resistant to immune attack

27
Q

what do viruses break down?

A

epithelial barriers

28
Q

what do the broken down epithelial barrier increase?

A

risk of bacterial infection

29
Q

what do bacteria upregulate?

A

adhesins

30
Q

why does priming immune cells with bacteria make them more resistant to viral infection?

A
  • Shapes immune responses, inflammation and tolerance
  • Influences bacterial communities
31
Q

is the vaginal microbiota diverse?

A

no

32
Q

which bacteria presents as lower pH and regulate immune function

A

lactobacillus acidophilus

33
Q

what other bacterias are in the vaginal microbiome

A

staphylococci

E. coli

34
Q

what dominates the four vaginal endotypes?

A

lactobacilli

35
Q

why is the final vaginal endotype different?

A

fewer lactobacilli but more anaerobes

36
Q

how does lactobacilli decrease vaginal pH?

A
  • oestrogen produced
  • acid produced and pH drops
37
Q

is lactobacilli gram positive or negative?

A

positive

38
Q

how many bacteria in the skin?

A

Approx. 1 million bacteria per cm^2

39
Q

describe two changes in the microbiome that drives disease

A

Dental cavities-> changes in oral microbiome on a community level

Inflammatory bowel disease -> failure to tolerate normal microbiota early in life

Microbiology (15 decks)

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