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Microbes > Microbiome > Flashcards

Microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

what are the types of microbes in a microbiome?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Viruses

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2
Q

MOST important microbiome?

A

gastrointestinal tract

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3
Q

Important microbiomes?

A

Vaginal
Respiratory Track
Skin

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4
Q

What body parts are sterile?

A

Blood
CSF
Deep Tissues

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5
Q

What body parts are nearly sterile?

A

Bronchi, alveoli
Esophagus
Urinary bladder
Uterus

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6
Q

What is holobiont?

A

individual species such as human, plant, and animals.

It is the host and its microbiota.

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7
Q

What is hologenome?

A

combined genome of bionts

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8
Q

Main functions of bacteria in gut?

A

Protects against epithelial injury
Develops and trains immune system
provides Immunological equilibrium
Converts dietary fibers into SCFA

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9
Q

What is dysbiosis?

A

Has decreased richness(diversity). It’s an unhealthy microbiome where specific beneficial functions are missing or detrimental functions are added. “the song is off key”

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10
Q

What is a healthy microbiome?

A

characterized by richness (diversity)

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11
Q

Dietary fibers are?

A

used by intestinal bacteria

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12
Q

SCFA (short chain fatty acids)

A

energy source for gut cells & gut health

SCFA are acetate propionate and butyrate

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13
Q

What does the microbiome play a significant role in?

A

human phenotypes. human phenotypes can be transferred to humans or mice by microbiota which can alter their phenotype.

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14
Q

what is polymicrobial?

A

caused by several types of microorganisms. aerobes/anaerobes; mostly anaerobes

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15
Q

what does dysbiosis promote?

A

promotes GI carcinogensis via inflammation and DNA damage by bacterial toxins

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16
Q

How is systemic trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) increased?

A

By chronic consumption of red meat

17
Q

High levels of TMAO leads to?

A

Greater risk of heart attack

18
Q

besides SCFA what else do gut microbiota produce?

A

antimicrobials
hormones and neuroactive chemicals
immune priming and neuronal signaling

19
Q

woese classification of cultured taxa by rRNA?

A

16S rRNA

20
Q

what is 16S rRNA?

A

the key gene for determining microbiome composition (bacterial diversity and abundance)

21
Q

where do we get our microbiome?

A

from birth our gut microbiome is similar to the mothers vaginal microbiome or skin microbiome if born cesarean
microbiome forms as we begin to ingest food such as breastmilk

22
Q

clostridiodes difficile (C. diff)

A

gram + bacillus, anaerobe
spores survive gastric acid and germinate in small intestine
makes toxins TcdA and TcdB (toxins A and B)

23
Q

how do you treat c.diff?

A

change or stop use of antibiotics; if persistent use fecal microbiota transplant

24
Q

what is B. fragilis?

A

gram - obligate anaerobe with capsule and beta-lactam resistant

25
Q

what is Fusobacterium?

A

gram - rod shape with pointy ends

26
Q

what is treponema denticola?

A

gram - spirochete

Microbes (12 decks)

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