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Microbes > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Define Antibiotic

A

compound made by microorganism (or chemically made) that kills or inhibits growth of bacteria

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2
Q

Define Antimicrobial

A

synthetic compound that kills all microorganisms

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3
Q

3 Reasons why infectious diseases declined

A

1) increased hygiene and sanitation
2) use of antibiotics
3) childhood vaccination programs

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4
Q

Sterile

A

no living organisms present

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5
Q

Aseptic

A

no harmful organisms present

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6
Q

Bacteriocidal

A

kills bacteria by stopping reproduction

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7
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

inhibits microbial growth (microbes still present)

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8
Q

What should an antibiotic do?

A

1) Target selectively (kills microorganism w/o harming pt)
2) Microbes should not easily acquire resistance
3) Broad spectrum antibiotics (targets many types) vs narrow spectrum antibiotic (targets few bacteria)

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9
Q

2 types of antibiotic

A

1) minimal inhibitory concentration

2) minimal bacteriocidal concentration

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10
Q

Beneficial combined antibiotic therapies
Define Additive
Define Synergistic
Define Antagonistic

A

Additive - sum of effect of 2 chemicals taken separately
Synergistic - combined equals greater effect than sum of their separate effect at same dose
Antagonistic - interferes with physiological effect of other

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11
Q

5 modes of antibiotic action

A

1) inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2) inhibition of bacterial enzymes
3) inhibition of nucleic acid metabolism
4) inhibition of protein synthesis
5) disruption of membrane function

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12
Q

Vancomycin

A

treats gram positive infections

binds to D-Ala-D-Ala

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13
Q

where can cell wall synthesis be blocked?

A

1) cytoplasm
2) cytoplasmic membrane
3) perimplasm/cell wall

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14
Q

define Transglycosidases

A

link monomers into chains

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15
Q

define Transpeptidases

A

crosslink chains to create a meshwork

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16
Q

Fosfomycin

A

is a bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibitor of the cytoplasm that blocks the addition of phosphoenolpyruvate which blocks NAG to form NAM. Effect for gram + and gram -. also inhibits bacterial enzymes.

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17
Q

What are the 4 B-lactam antibiotics?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

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18
Q

What do different R groups lead to on B-lactams?

A

leads to improved permeability and increased resistance to B-lactamases

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19
Q

What do bacterial B lactamases inhibit?

A

B lactamases inhibit B-lactam antibiotics

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20
Q

Which enzyme do bacteria produce to destroy the B lactam ring?

A

B lactamases

21
Q

Where can protein synthesis be inhibited?

A

30S rRNA subunit - Aminoglycosides, Tetracyline

50S rRNA subunit - Chloramphenicol, Macrolide

22
Q

List 5 Bacteriocidal drugs

A 
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin
Aminoglycosides
Ciprofloxacin
23
Q

List 3 Bacteriostatic drugs

A

Sulphonamides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol

24
Q

Inhibition of nucleic acid metabolism

A
  1. bacterial toposomerase/Gyrase - block dna replication
  2. rna polymerase- block mrna synthesis
  3. Folate metabolism- block nucleotide synthesis
25
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

Innate resistance- due to lack of target or impermeability

Acquired resistance - due to plasmid based or chromosomal mutation

26
Q

how does bacteria become Vancomycin resistant?

A

the bacteria alters their peptidoglycan synthesis so there’s no D-Ala-D-Ala intermediate

27
Q

Where do Antibiotics come from?

A

synthesized by chemicals or occurring naturally in mold

28
Q

What do Antibiotics do?

A

they kill or neutralize bacteria by interrupting cell wall synthesis or interfering with protein synthesis while leaving human cells unharmed.

29
Q

Which bacteria is resistant to b-lactam antibiotics like penecillin, oxocyllin, and methacylin?

A

MRSA

It has a protein that makes its cell wall unimpeded

30
Q

how is salmonella resistant to b-lactam antibiotics

A

salmonella produces b-lactamases to break down antibiotics

31
Q

how do bacteriostatic antibiotics stop bacterial growth?

A

Stopping DNA replication
Stopping metabolism AG enzyme activity
stops protein production

32
Q

How do bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria?

A

by preventing bacteria making cell wall

33
Q

Do Antibiotics work on viruses?

A

NO because they have a different structure than bacteria

Viruses do not have a cell wall and uses human cell as host

34
Q

how does penecillin kill bacteria?

A

by breaking down the cell wall

35
Q

erythromycin

A

stop protein synthesis by binding to specific rna

36
Q

where do b-lactamases come from?

A

Some bacteria have dna that allows them to make those enzymes

37
Q

what do beta-lactams inhibit?

A

transpeptidases and therefore cell wall synthesis

38
Q

what does antibiotic cycloserine target?

A

Alanine racemase which is needed to convert L-Alanine to D-alanine which is what builds the cell wall

39
Q

what do B-lactam antibiotics and vancomysin target?

A

vancomysin targets D-Ala-D-Ala substrate for crosslinking and penecillin binds to (PBP) Penecillin Binding protein.

40
Q

what does vancomysin block?

A

blocks addition of peptidoglycan subunits to the glycan chain

41
Q

how does bacteria become vancomysin become resistant?

A

it alters its peptidoglycan synthesis so there is no D-Ala D-Ala intermediate for it to bind to and interfere cell wall synthesis by inhibitig crosslinking of peptidoglycans.

it changes its peptidogylcan synthesis so vancomysin does not inhibit crosslinking of peptidoglycan

42
Q

what bacteria are penecillins used against?

A

staphlococcus
streptococcus
STDs

43
Q

what are synergistic compounds used?

A

B-lactamase inhibitors and penicillins

sulfanilamide and trimethoprim (for traveler’s diarrhea)

44
Q

is chloramphenicol bacteriostatic?

A

yes

45
Q

most common mechanism for resistance?

A

lipopolysaccharide

46
Q

how do antibiotics disrupt membrane function?

A

in gram - bacteria, hydrophobic tails insert into membranes which increases permeability

47
Q

what do beta lactam antibiotics inhibit?

A

Transpeptidase and therefore bacterial wall synthesis

48
Q

what are catalase microorganisms?

A

facultatie anaerobes (can grow with some O2)

Microbes (12 decks)

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