Microbiome Flashcards
Microbiome characterizations
Abundance
Species richness
Diversity
Abundance
How many individual are present in an area
Species richness
How many unique species
Diversity
incorporate both number of species and evenness of abundance
Bacterial phyla on human
Actinobacteria
Bacteroidetes
Firmicutes
Proteobacteria
Which organ has more diverse microbiota than other body sites?
Gut
Factors shape neonatal microbiome
Gut microbiota Vaginal infection (vaginal delivery, C-delivery) Periodontitis
Postnatal factors during early life
Antibiotics
Diet (breast-feeding, formula)
Genetics
Environment
Why microbiome shifts towards adult life
Diet diversifies
Dysbiosis
Imbalance in gut microbial community that associate with disease
How microbiota inhibit the growth of pathogen?
Produce bacteriocins and short-chain fatty acids
What short-chain fatty acids do?
Inhibit pathogen
Nourish epithelial cell
Strengthen intestinal lining
What damage epithelial cell
VRE
C. difficile
Density ~ Diversity of creature
Increase density, less diversity
Major intestinal eubacteria
Proteobacteria
Bacteroidetes
Firmicutes (Gram-positive)
Predominant intestinal Archaea
Methanogen
Plant-based diet vs West diet
- Well-adapted human genome vs Poor-adapted
- Low incidence of NCCDs vs High incidence
Low alpha-diversity and high beta-diversity
- High dispersal limitation
- High vary food choice
High alpha-diversity and low beta-diversity
- Low dispersal limitation
- Low vary food choice
Why should eat green?
- 50% more bacteria in gut
- 2x bacterial genes
- Better metabolic function
- Not suffer Western diseases
Factors of gut microbiome
Age Diet Demography Malnutrition Antibiotics Probiotics
What nutrient composition in gut depend on?
- Dietary intake of nutrients and phytochemicals
- Bioavailability of nutrient in small intestine
- Endogenous secretion (Bile acids, digestive enzymes)
- Microbial metabolism of nutrients
How nourishment provided by the host shift towards good or bad?
Depend on their metabolic access to these nutrient
