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Microbiology > Control of Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Control of Microbial Growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Koch’s postulates (1)

A

Suspected pathogen should be present in all cases of disease and absent in healthy animals

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2
Q

Koch’s postulates (2)

A

Suspected organism should be grown in pure culture

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3
Q

Koch’s postulates (3)

A

Cell from pure culture of suspected organism should cause disease to healthy animals

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4
Q

Koch’s postulates (4)

A

Organism should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original one

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5
Q

What the first vaccine against?

A

Anthrax

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6
Q

How Pasteur made anthrax vaccine?

A
  • Weaken anthrax bacteria by heating it until it cannot cause disease.
  • Inject that weakened anthrax bacteria to healthy sheep
  • The sheep’s immunity recognize the bacteria and produce antibody to against it.
  • Inject anthrax bacteria to vaccinated sheep and normal sheep
  • Result: vaccinated sheep survive while other can’t
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7
Q

What cause death in surgery?

A

Nosocomial infections

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8
Q

Liset’s surgical protocol for disease control

A
  • Wash hands before surgery
  • Heat sterilization of surgical instrument
  • Apply phenol to wound
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9
Q

Carrier

A

People recover from disease but still carry the bacteria

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10
Q

Control measure for Salmonella typhi

A
  • Water chlorination
  • Milk pasteurization
  • Sewage treatment plant design improvement
  • Transmission control (flies, carries)
  • Preventive vaccinate and antibiotic therapy
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11
Q

Aseptic

A

Environment or procedure free of microbial contaminants

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12
Q

Sterillaztion

A

killing all living organism, including spores

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13
Q

Disinfection

A

killing most organism from inanimate object

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14
Q

Antisepsis

A

killing pathogen from surface of living tissues

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15
Q

Sanitation

A

reducing microbial population to safe level

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16
Q

Pasteurization

A

Heat to destroy pathogen and reduce spoilage microorganism in food

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17
Q

Antimicrobial treatment result facts

A

Microbial death does not occur at once, but in constant rate determined by D-value

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18
Q

D-value

A

how long it take to reduce bacteria by 90%

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19
Q

Effectiveness of treatment depend on

A
  • Size of population
  • Exposure time of agent
  • Concentration, temperature, pH
  • Characteristics
  • Interaction and protective features of environment
20
Q

The most resistant microbial charcteristic

A

Prion: naked protein against most chemical method, cooking, and autoclaving

21
Q

How mycobacterium resist antimicrobial treatment?

A

Waxy mycolic acid prevent chemical entry

22
Q

How endospore and cyst resist antimicrobial treatment?

A

Thick coat prevent chemical entry

23
Q

Surprising fact of enveloped virus

A

Enveloped virus more easily damaged than non-enveloped one

24
Q

What antibiotic cannot do?

A

Cannot fight injection caused by virus

25
Q

How antibiotic work?

A

Inhibit the bacterial process by killing them or keeping them from reproducing

26
Q

Key targets of antimicrobials

A

Cell wall synthesis (Penicillin)
DNA replication (flouroquinolones)
RNA synthesis (rifampicin)
Protein synthesis (tetracyclines, macrolides)
Folic acid synthesis (sulfonamides)
Membrane disruption (daptomycin for Gram-positives, colistin for Gram-negative)

27
Q

How penicillin disrupt cell wall synthesis?

A

Inhibit crosslinking of peptidolycan

28
Q

How rifampicin inhibit RNA sysnthesis?

A

Inhibit RNA polymerase (expect eukaryotic)

29
Q

Types of antibiotic resistances

A
  • Intrinsic resistance: innate

- Acquired resistance: develop the ability to resist over time

30
Q

Mechanisms of HGT

A

Transduction
Conjugation
Transformation

31
Q

Germ Theory of Disease

A

Disease is made of small microscopic entities that replicated within the disease

32
Q

Bactericidal agent

A

Compound kill bacteria

33
Q

Bactericidal vs bacteriostatic

A

Bacteriostatic just slow down the growth while bactericidal completely kill all

34
Q

Antimicrobial Efficacy Test

A

Incubate challenge organism with antimicrobial agent then draw the kill curves
Or use dilutions

35
Q

Broad-spectrum

A

Antimicrobial’s ability to affect large variety of microbes

36
Q

SOS response

A

Bacterium’s coordinated response to DNA damage

37
Q

Problems with antibiotic resistance

A
  • Overuse/misprescribing
  • Non-adherence to antibiotics regiments
  • Wide-spread use in agriculture
38
Q

How tetracycline inhibit protein synthesis

A

Bind to A site to block tRNA come in, so new amino acid cannot add to growing peptide chain so synthesis of peptide is aborted

39
Q

How macrolide inhibit protein synthesis

A

Target the 23s large subunit so peptide bond formation cannot catalyze

40
Q

How sulfonamide inhibit folic acid synthesis

A

Target enzyme dihydropteroate so the thyme synthesis cannot be done

41
Q

How daptomycin disrupt membrane in Gram-positive

A

Attach into membrane and form large pores that result in leakage of ions and electrolytes

42
Q

How colistin disrupt membrane in Gram-negative

A

Disrupt outer membrane and then inner membrane

43
Q

Why using antibiotics in long term can link to C. diff?

A

Antibiotic destroy normal microflora.
Normal microflora cannot eat primary bile salt in intestine and make them turn to secondary bile salt.
Primary bile salt activate C. diff pore.

44
Q

Ways of acquired resistance

A

Acquiring mutation

Acquiring new genes by HGT

45
Q

HGT

A

donor - receipt

46
Q

Gene mutation cause antibiotic resistance

A

Most bacteria killed by antibiotic. Only drug resistance bacteria survive and multiple

Microbiology (8 decks)

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