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Microbiology > Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Microbial Growth Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Essential nutrients for bacterial growth

A
  • C, H, O, N, P ,S
  • Protein function: Mg, Ca, Fe, K
  • Enzyme function: Co, Cu, Mn, Zn
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2
Q

What liquid media used for?

A
  • Profuse growth

- Unseparated mixed organisms

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3
Q

What solid media used for?

A
  • Identifying bacteria by studying colony characteristics and separated mixed organisms
  • Pure isolation culture
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4
Q

What basic media used for?

A
  • Support most non-fastidious bacteria
  • Primary isolation for microorganism
  • Ex: nutrient agar
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5
Q

What enriched medium used for?

A
  • Add extra nutrients
  • Grow fastidious bacteria
  • Ex: blood agar
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6
Q

What selective media used for?

A
  • Inhibit unwanted bacteria
  • Include additional of antibiotic, dye, chemicals, and pH
  • Ex: PEA, Mannitol salt
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7
Q

What differential/indicator medium used for?

A
  • Include dye and specific nutrient
  • Allow more than one microorganism with different morphology
  • Ex: EMB, McConkey, citrate
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8
Q

Direct measurement

A
  • Standard plate counts
  • Microscopic count
  • Filtration
  • Coulter counter
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9
Q

Indirect measurement

A
  • Turbidity
  • Metabolic activity
  • Dry weight
  • Genetic probing
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10
Q

Facts abt standard plate counts

A
  • Most common
  • Dilute to get individual
  • Countable colonies
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11
Q

When to use filtration?

A

Small number of microbes

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12
Q

How to filtration?

A
  • Water run through filter

- Filter applied toTSA plate and incubated

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13
Q

Facts abt tubidity

A
  • More bacteria, more cloudiness

- Measure absorbance and transmission with spectrophotometer or eye

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14
Q

How to metabolic activity?

A

Assume amount of metabolic product is proportional to number

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15
Q

When to use dry weight?

A

Filamentous organisms

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16
Q

What is genetic probing?

A

Real-time PCR

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17
Q

When is TNTC and TFTC in standard plate count?

A

TNTC > 300

TFTC < 25

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18
Q

Bacterial growth curve

A
  • log: number of cells or absorbance

- Time: record every 30 minutes

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19
Q

Bacterial growth curve

Lap phase

A

when cell starts activate the metabolism but adapting to new environment and not actively replicated

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20
Q

Bacterial growth curve

Log/ exponential phase

A

Result of cell division

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21
Q

Bacterial growth curve

Stationary phase

A

The rate of cell death = the rate of cell division

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22
Q

Bacterial growth curve

Death/ decline phase

A

The rate of cell death

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23
Q

Continuous culture

A

Cell growing in the media where you constantly reapply fresh nutrition

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24
Q

When to use continuous culture

A

Want to keep to culture in log phase to maximum the production

25
Q

Chemostat

A

Continuous culture device that maintains cell populations in exponential growth for long periods

26
Q

How chemostat work?

A

Constantly add and remove equal amount of culture media

27
Q

Bacterial growth curve in continuous culture

Steady state

A

Same to stationary phase but actively replicating to new cell production high

28
Q

Bacterial growth curve in continuous culture

Doubling time

A
  • Estimate how quickly bacteria replicate

- Decrease doubling time to speed up metabolism

29
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Bacteria move towards nutrient and attractants and away from toxins

30
Q

How filament drive?

A

By proton motive force

31
Q

How flagella move CCW?

A

Attractants cause

  • Flagella bundle together.
  • Push cell forward
  • Run
32
Q

How flagella move CW?

A

Repellents cause

  • Bundle falls apart
  • Bacterium briefly stop
  • Change direction
33
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Carrier molecule carry solute and put them into cytoplasma

34
Q

Active transport

A

Molecule move from low concentration to high concentration by ATP or prolomotive force

35
Q

Group translocation

A

Chemical modified

36
Q

Symport coupled transport system

A

2 molecules travel same direction

37
Q

Antiport coupled transport system

A

Molecule actively travel different direction to driving ion

38
Q

ABC transporters

A

Universal proteins use ATP to deliver

39
Q

Nutrient uptake

A
  • Permeases: substrate-specific carrier proteins
  • Nutrient-binding proteins: patrol the periplasmic space
  • Protein channels/pores: membrane-spanning
40
Q

Importer ABC transporters

A

Mediate hydrophilic substrates into cell (only prokaryote)

41
Q

Exporter ABC transporters

A

Pump toxin out of cell

42
Q

Key elements of ABC transporters

A
  • Substrate-specific binding protein
  • Trans-membrane domain
  • Nucleotide-binding domain
43
Q

How ABC transporter work?

A
  1. Resting state: NBD held open by TMDs and face outward from cytoplasm
  2. Outward facing: SSBP go into periplasmic side of TMD, ATP bind and make NBD close
  3. Inward facing: after release Pi, binding protein leave; TMD and NBD open to release substrate to cytoplasm
  4. After releasing ADP, back to resting state
44
Q

What PTS system do?

A

Transport carbohydrates into cell

45
Q

How PTS system work?

A
  1. PEP donate phosphate group to E1 and turn into pyruvate. E1 donate that group to HPr. HPr donate to E2a. E2a donate to E2b.
  2. E2b donate to E2c with with glucose in membrane
  3. Glucose transport into cell
46
Q

Factors of microbial growth

A 
Nutrient
Temperature
pH
Oxygen
Pressure
Osmolarity
47
Q

Temperature classification

A

Psychrophiles: 0-20oC
Mesophiles: 15-45oC
Thermophiles: 40-80oC
Hyperthermophiles: 65-121oC

48
Q

Heat-shock proteins

A

Chaperones
Proteases
Enzymes

49
Q

Chaperones

A

maintain other protein’s shape

50
Q

Proteases

A

break down unfixable protein

51
Q

Enzyme

A

change membrane lipid composition

52
Q

How heat-shock response work?

A
  1. At normal temperature, rpoH is transcribed; mRNA secondary structure hide ribosome-binding site; little sigma32 made
  2. DnaK-DnaJ-GrpE push little sigma32 into degradation
  3. At high temp, mRNA secondary structure melt; ribosome-binding site expose; sigma32 made
  4. Sigma32 recruit RNA to go to gene and regulate it
  5. Chaperones refold unfolded native protein while heat-shock gene break down other unfolded protein
53
Q

Barophile

A

Grow at very hgh pressure

54
Q

Barotolerant

A

Grow just well but die after that

55
Q

Aquaborin

A

Membrane-channel proteins allow water to move into the cell faster than by diffusion

56
Q

Barosensitive

A

Die when pressure high

57
Q

Hypertonic media minimize osmotic stress

A

Synthesis or import compatible solutes

58
Q

Hypotonic media minimize osmotic stress

A

Use mechanosensitive channels to leak solutes out of the cell

59
Q

Halophile

A

Require high salt concentration

Microbiology (8 decks)

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