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MICROBIOLOGY- Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Structurally, how are classified the virus?

A

Naked virus with icosahedral capsid
Enveloped virus with icosahedral capsid
Enveloped virus with helical capsid

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2
Q

What is the recombination of Virals?

A

Exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology

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3
Q

When viruses with segmented genomes exchange segments?

A

Reassortment

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4
Q

Which is a clear example of Reassortment virus?

A

Cause of worldwide Influenza virus pandemics

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5
Q

High frequency recombination

A

Reassortment

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6
Q

What is complementation of virus?

A

When 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein. The nonmutated virus complements the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves both viruses

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7
Q

When does phenotypic mixing happens?

A

Occurs with simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses

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8
Q

How are classified the viral vaccines?

A

Live attenuated
Killed
Recombinant

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9
Q

How do live attenuated vaccines work?

A

Induce humoral and cell mediated immunity but have reverted to virulence on rare occassions

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10
Q

Which vaccines are consider live attenuated?

A

Smallpox, yellow fever, chickenpox (VZV), Sabin polio virus, MMR, Influenza (intranasal)

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11
Q

With whom is very dangerous to give attenuated vaccines?

A

Immunocompromised patients or their close contacts

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12
Q

What does the MMR includes?

A

Measles
Mumps
Rubella

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13
Q

Which attenuated vaccine can be given to HIV positive patients who do not show signs of immunodeficiency?

A

MMR

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14
Q

These vaccines are consider Killed/ innactivated

A

Rabies, Influenza (injected), Salk Polio and HAV vaccines

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15
Q

What do Killed/inactivated bacterias induce?

A

Only humoral immunity but are stable

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16
Q

Which vaccines are consider recombinant?

A

HBV (antigen= recombinant HBsAg)

HPV

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17
Q

Which are the types of HPV that the recombinant vaccines gives?

A

Types 6, 11, 16, 18

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18
Q

Which DNA viruses are dsDNA?

A

All DNA viruses except the Parvoviridae are dsDNA

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19
Q

Who else has dsDNA apart from DNA viruses?

A

All our cells

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20
Q

Which kind of DNA does Parvoviridiae has?

A

ssDNA

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21
Q

What does Parvus means?

A

Small

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22
Q

Which DNA viruses are not linear?

A

Papilloma
Polyoma
Hepadnaviruses

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23
Q

If Papilloma, Polyoma and Hepadnaviruses aren´t Linear DNA viruses, how are they classified?

A

Circular

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24
Q

Which kind of RNA do RNA viruses have?

A

ssRNA

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25
Which is the only exception of RNA viruses that is not ssRNA?
Reoviridiae
26
Which RNA in human body is the equivalent to ssRNA?
mRNA
27
This is the RNA of Reovirus
dsRNA
28
Name positive stranded RNA viruses
``` Retrovirus Togavirus Flavivirus Coronavirus Hepevirus Clicivirus Picornavirus ```
29
Which virus are consider infectious?
Purified nucleic acids of most dsDNA | Positive strand ssRNA
30
Who are the only exception of purified nucleic acids of dsDNA viruses?
Poxviruses and HBV
31
These viruses are consider not infectious
Naked nucleic acid of negative strand ssRNA and dsRNA viruses
32
What do naked nucleic acid of negative strand ssRNA and dsRNA viruses need to become infectious?
Polymerases in the complete virion
33
Where do DNA viruses replicate?
In the nucleus
34
Who is the only DNA virus that does not replicate in the nucleus?
Poxvirus
35
Where do RNA viruses replicate?
Cytoplasm
36
These RNA viruses do not replicate in the cytoplasm
Influenza virus and retroviruses
37
Who are consider naked (nonenveloped) viruses?
``` Papillomavirus Adenovirus Parvovirus Polyomavirus Calcivirus Picornavirus Reovirus Hepevirus ```
38
Generally, how do enveloped viruses acuire their envelopes?
From plasma membrane when they exit from cell
39
This virus acquire envelopes by nuclear membrane
Herpesvirus
40
Who are consider DNA naked viruses?
Papillomavirus Adenovirus Parvovirus
41
Who are consider RNA naked viruses?
Calicivirus Picornavirus Reovirus Hepevirus
42
Who are DNA viruses? Which is the mnemonic?
``` HHAPPPPy viruses Hepadna Herpes Adeno Pox Parvo Papilloma Polyoma ```
43
This is the only DNA virus that is not double stranded
Parvovirus (single stranded)
44
These DNA viruses are Circular supercoiled
Papilloma | Polyoma
45
Consider as DNA virus circular incomplete
Hepadna
46
Whcih is the structure of DNA viruses?
Linear | Icosahedral
47
Which is the only DNA virus that is not icosahedral?
Pox (complex)
48
Why doesn´t pox replicates in the nucleus?
Because it carries own DNA dependent RNA polymerase
49
How is conformed Herpes virus?
DNA virus, envelope, Double Stranded and Linear DNA
50
How many types of Herpes virus exist?
8
51
Which could be the manifestations of HSV-1?
Oral (and some genital) lesions Spontaneous temporal lobe encephalitis Keratoconjuntivitis
52
This type of herpes virus is principally located as genital (and some oral) lesions
HSV-2
53
Which other name does HHV 3 receives?
VZV
54
Which kind of lession can be seen in HHV 3 (VZV)?
chickenpox, zoster (shingles)
55
For this type of Herpes virus there is a vaccine
VZV(HHV3)
56
This virus causes mononucleosis
EBV
57
Which herpes virus is EBV?
HHV 4
58
Which other diseases can be caused by EBV?
Burkitt kymphoma | Hodgkin lymphoma
59
This herpes virus infects immunosuppresed patients (AIDS retinitis)
CMV
60
Which herpes type is consider CMV?
HHV 5
61
Which other patients are affected by CMV?
Transplant recipients | Congenital defects
62
What does HHV 6 causes?
Roseola (exanthem subitum)
63
This herpes virus is a less common cause of roseola
HHV 7, HHV 6 is more common for roseola
64
Who causes Kaposi sarcoma?
HHV-8
65
Which characteristics does Hepadnavirus posses?
DNA virus, has envelope and its DNA structure is Partially Double strained and circular
66
Who represents Hepadnavirus?
HBV
67
What can HBV causes?
Acute or chronic hepatitis
68
Is there a way to prevent HBV?
Yes, there is a vaccine avialable
69
What does the HBV vaccine contains?
contains HBv surface antigen
70
Is HBV consider a retrovirus
Not a retrovirus but has reverse transcriptase
71
How do you classified Adenovirus?
DNA virus without envelope, Double stranded and linear
72
Which could be the possible manifestations of Adenovirus?
Febrile oharyngitis- sore throat Acute hemorrhagic cystitis Pneumonia Conjuntivitis pink eye
73
Consider a DNA virus, no envelope, single stranded and linear
Parvovirus
74
Is consider the smallest DNA virus
Parvovirus
75
Is the B19 virus
Parvovirus
76
Which could be the manifestations of Parvovirus in children?
Aplastic crises in sickle cell disease | Slapped cheeks rash in children
77
Who causes erythema infectiosum?
Parvovirus
78
What is the fifth disease? and who causes it?
Erythema infectiosum caused by parvovirus
79
Which could be the result of Parvovirus infection in fetus?
Hydrops fetalis and death
80
Which are the manifestions in adults of Parvovirus infection?
RBC aplasia and rheumatoid arthritis-like symptoms
81
DNA viruses, no envelope, Double stranded and circular DNA
Papilomavirus | Polyomavirus
82
Who is the characteristic Papilomavirus?
HPV
83
Which types of HPV cause warts?
1, 2, 6 , 11
84
This types of HPV cause CIN and cervical cancer
16, 18
85
The most common Papilomavirus type of vaccine available from which types does it protects?
16, 18
86
Which are the types of Polyomavirus?
JC virus | BK virus
87
What can JC virus cause?
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV
88
Who are more affected by BK virus?
Transplant patients
89
What does commonly targets BK virus?
Kidney
90
How do you classify Poxvirus?
DNA virus, envelope, Double stranded and linear
91
Who is consider the larges DNA virus?
Poxvirus
92
Which disease is caused by Poxvirus?
Molluscum contagiosum
93
Which are the characteristics of Molluscum contagiosum?
Flesh colored dome lesions with central umbilicated dimple
94
Consider the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in the Uniated States
HSV-1 infection
95
Which could be manifesatations of HSV-1?
Gingivostomamititis Keratoconjuntivitis Temporal lobe encephalitis Herpes labialis
96
Where can HSV-1 stay latent?
Trigeminal ganglia
97
How is transmitteed HSV-1?
Respiratory secretions and saliva
98
Which are the manifestations of HSV-2?
Herpes genitalis | Neonatal Herpes
99
Where does HSV-2 stays Latent?
Sacral ganglia
100
These are the two posible mechanism of how HSV can be transmitted
Sexual contact | Perinatally
101
HHV-3 is bettern known as...
VZV
102
Which could be the results of VZV infection?
Varicella zoster Encephalitis Pneumonia
103
These are other names for Varicella zoster
chickenpox, shingles
104
Where can VZV stayed latent?
Dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia
105
Which is the most common complication of shingles?
Post herpetic neuralgia
106
Which is the transmission way for VZV?
Respiratory secretions
107
Who causes Kissing disease?
EBV
108
Which herpes virus is EBV?
HHV-4
109
Who commonly suffer Kissing disease?
Teens and young adults
110
What disease does EBV causes?
Mononucleosis
111
Which are the findings of Mononucleosis?
Fever, hepatoslenomegaly, pharyngitis and lymphadenopathy (especially posterior cervical nodes)
112
How is EBV is transmitted?
Respiratory secretions and saliva
113
Which cells are infected by EBV?
Infects B cells
114
What can be seen in peripheral blood smear in EBV infection?
Atypical lymphocytes
115
In EBV infection, are atypical lymphocytes infected B cells?
No, they are reactive cytotoxic T cells
116
How can you detect EBV infection?
+ Monospot test
117
Which kind of antibodies are detected by Monospot test?
Heterophile antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep or horse RBCs
118
Which disseases are associated to EBV?
Hodgkin Lymphoma, endemic Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharingeal carcinoma
119
Infected cells by this virus have "owl eye" inclusions
CMV
120
Which are the manifestations of CMV infection?
Congenital infection Mononucleosis Pneumonia Retinitis
121
Can CMV have + Monospot test in case of Mononucleosis?
No, they´re negative, positive is just for EBV mononucleosis
122
Where does CMV stays latent?
Mononuclear cells
123
Which are the ways of transmission of CMV?
Congenitally and by transfusion, sexual contact, saliva, urine, transplant
124
Which herpesvirus is CMV?
HHV 5
125
These two Herpesvirus cause Roseola
HHV 6 | HHV 7
126
Which is the evolution of Roseola?
High fevers for several days that can cause seizures, followed by diffuse macular rash
127
This is the mechanism of transmission of Roseola
Saliva
128
Who causes Kaposi sarcoma?
HHV 8
129
Which kind of neoplasm is Kaposi Sarcoma?
Neoplasm of endothelial cells
130
Who can be at risk to have Kaposi sarcoma?
HIV/ AIDs and transplant patients
131
Which are the characteristics of Kaposi Sarcoma?
Dark/ violaceous flat and nodular lesions representing endothelial growths
132
Which other organs are affected by HHV 8?
GI Tract and lungs
133
How is HHV-8 transmitted?
By Sexual contact
134
How is HSV identify?
Viral culture for skin and genitalia
135
Which works for herpes encephalitis?
CSF PCR
136
Which test works for genital herpes?
Tzank test
137
What is Tzank test?
A smear of an opened skin vesicleto detect multinuclated giant cells
138
What do the infected cells by HSV have?
Intranuclear Cowdry A inclusions
139
Which are the families of RNA viruses?
``` Reoviruses Picornaviruses Hepeviruses Caliciviruses Flaviviruses Togavivisures Retroviruses Coronoviruses Orthomyxoviruses Paramyxoviruses Rhabbdoviruses Filoviruses Arenaviruses Bunyaviruses Delta viruses ```
140
What is a negative stranded virus?
Must transcribe - strand to +
141
In negative stranded viruses what does the virion must bring?
Brings its own RNA dependent RNA polymerase
142
Who are consider negative stranded viruses?
Arenaviruses, Bunyaviruses, Paramyxoviruses, Orthomyxoviruses, Filoviruses and Rhabdoviruses
143
Which viruses are segmented virus?
All are RNA viruses
144
Who are segmented viruses?
Bunyaviruses, Orthomixoviruses, Arenaviruses and Reoviruses
145
Who are consider Picornavirus?
Poliovirus, Echovirus, Rhinovirus, Coxsackievirus, HAV
146
What are the characteristics of Picornaviruses?
RNA is translated into 1 large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins
147
What can Picornaviruses cause?
Can cause aseptic meningitis
148
What is an aseptic meningitis?
Its a meningitis caused by virus
149
Who are the only picornavirus that can not cause aseptic meningitis?
Rhinoviruses and HAV
150
How are classified Picornavirus?
Enteroviruses
151
What does it mean that all picornavirus are consider Enretoviruses?
It means that spread Fecal - Oral
152
Which picornavirus is not a enterovirus?
Rhinovirus
153
Who is the cause of common cold?
Rhinovirus
154
How is classified Rhinovirus?
Picornavirus
155
Which is the structure of Rhinovirus?
Nonenveloped RNA virus | Single stranded and icosahedral
156
How many serologic types do Rhinovirus have?
> 100 serologic types
157
Which is the weakness of Rhinovirus?
Acid labile
158
Why Rhinovirus isn´t capable of infecting the GI tract?
Because is destroyed by stomach acid
159
Which is the way to prevent from Poliovirus?
Polio- Salk/ Sabin vaccines
160
What can echoavirus cause?
Aseptic meningitis
161
Which diseases can Coxsackievirus cause?
Aseptic meningitis Herpangina Hand, foot and mouth disease Myocarditis and pericarditis
162
Which picornavirus can cause acute viral hepatitis?
HAV
163
What does Flavi means?
Yellow, jaundice
164
Name the diseases related to Flaviviruses
``` HCV Yellow fever Dengue St. Louis encephalitis West Nile virus ```
165
Who transmits Flaviviruses?
Aedes mosquitoes
166
If transmited by Mosquito... How do we classified FLavivirus?
Arbovirus
167
What does is means Arbovirus?
Transmitted by arthropods (Mosquito, ticks)
168
Who are the posible reservoirs of Flaviviruses?
Humans or Monkeys
169
These are the symptoms caused by Yellow fever virus
High fever, black vomitus, jaundice
170
The most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis
Rotavirus
171
How is classified Rotavirus?
Is a segmented dsRNA virus (reovirus)
172
Major cause of acute diarrhea in the United States during winter
Rotavirus
173
Who are specially affected by Rotavirus?
Day care centers, Kindergartens
174
Which are the results of Rotavirus infection?
Villous destruction with atrophy
175
Once the villous are destructed by Rotavirus infection, what does it leads?
Decrease absoption of Na+ and loss of K+
176
What does CDC recomends about Rotavirus?
Vaccination of all infants
177
Which is the principal virus of Orthomyxoviruses?
Influenza viruses
178
Which are the characteristics of Influenza virus?
Enveloped, - ssRNA, viruses with 8 segment genome
179
From the structure of Influenza virus who promotes viral entry?
Hemagglutinin
180
Who promotes progency virion release in Influenza virus?
Neuroaminidase
181
Which antigens does Influenza virus has?
Hemagglutinin and neuroaminidase
182
Which great risk do Influenza patients have?
Fatal bacterial superinfection
183
Which characteristic allows Influenza to be difficult to erradicate?
Rapid genetic changes
184
This influenza vaccine contains viral strains most likely to appear during flu season
Reformulated vaccine (flu shot)
185
Which is the moste frequent vaccine type for Influenza virus?
Killed viral vaccine
186
How are administer the live/ attenuated vaccines of Influenza?
Administer intranasally, vaccine that replicates in the nose but not in the lung
187
Which characteristic of Influenza virus causes pandemics?
Genetic shift/ antigen shifts
188
What is a genetic shift/ antigen shifts?
Reassortemnt of viral genome. segments undergo high frequency recombination
189
Which is an example of genetic shift/ antigen shifts?
Such as when human flu A viruses recombines with swin flu A virus
190
Which characteristic of Influenza virus causes epidemics?
Genetic drift
191
What is a genetic drift?
Minor (antigen drift) changes based on random mutation
192
Which is worst genetic shift or genetic drift?
Genetic shift
193
Once known as German (3 day) measles
Rubella virus
194
How is classified Rubella virus?
Togavirus
195
Which are the manifestations of Rubella?
Fever, postarticular and other lymphadenopathy, arthalgias and fine rash
196
How is the prognosis for Rubella?
Causes mild disease in children but serious congenital disease
197
From which congenital disease group does Rubella belongs?
ToRCHeS infection
198
Which are the findings of congenital rubella?
Blueberry muffin appearance
199
What does the blueberry muffin apearance indicates?
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
200
Which is the evolution of Rubella rash?
Fine macules that start on the face and spread centrifugally to involve the extremities
201
Who are primary affected by Paramyxoviruses?
Children
202
Which viruses are classified as Paramixoviruses?
Parainfluenza RSV Measles, Mumps
203
Which disease is caused by Parainfluenza?
Croup
204
Who causes Bronchiolitis in babies?
RSV
205
For Bronchiolitis which medicines is prescribed?
Ribavirin
206
Which diseases can RSV cause?
Bronchiolitis | Pneumonia
207
Which protein do Paramyxoviruses have for fusion?
surface F protein
208
What importance does Surface F protein has for paramyxoviruses?
Causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinuclated cells
209
Which medication prevents pneumonia caused by RSV infection in premature infants?
Palivizumab
210
Which is the mechanism of action of Palivizumab?
Monoclonal antibody against F protein
211
Which type of virus is measles?
A paramyxovirus
212
These are the characteristics of Mesles virus
Koplik spots and descending maculopapular rash
213
What are the Koplik spots?
Bright red spots with blue white center on bucal mucosa that precede the measlesrash by 1-2 days
214
Name the characteristics of Rash on measles
Discrete erythematous rash, presents late and include limbs as it spreas downward
215
Which are possible sequalae if measles virus?
SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, occuring years later) Encephalitis (1:2000) Giant cell pneumonia (rarely, in immunosuppresed)
216
Which are the 3 C´s of measles?
Cough Coryza Conjunctivitis
217
In these patients we consider use Vitamin A particulary in measles patients
Malnourished children
218
Why is important to administer Vitamin A in Measles patients?
To prevent severe Exfoliative dermatitis in malnourishe children
219
How is classified mumps?
Paramyxovirus
220
Which are the symptoms of Mumps?
Parotiditis Orchitis Meningitis
221
What is Orchitis?
Inflammation of testes
222
Which is the risk of Mumps?
Can cause sterility
223
Who are at higher risk of sterility by Mumps?
After puberty
224
Bullet shaped virus
Rabies virus
225
Histologically what is seen with Rabies virus?
Negri bodies
226
What are Negri bodies?
Cytoplasmatic inclusions in neurons infected by rabies virus
227
Where are commonly found the Negri bodies?
Purkinje cells of cerebellum and in hippocampal neurons
228
How much time does it takes for Rabies virus to make symptoms onset?
Has long incubation period (weeks to months) before symptoms onset
229
Which is the postexposure treament to Rabies virus?
Wound cleansing and vaccination +- rabies immune globulin
230
Who does Rabies virus gets to CNS from the wound?
Migrating retrograde fashion up nerve axons
231
This is the progression of the disease caused by rabies virus
Fever, malaise→ aggitation, photophobia, hydrophobia→ paralysis, coma → death
232
In United states which are the common animals bites that cause Rabies infection?
Bat, racoon and skunk bites more common than dog bites
233
How are classified Hepatitis viruses?
``` HAV HBV HCV HDV HEV ```
234
This hepatitis virus is RNA picornavirus
HAV
235
Which Hepatitis virus are transmited fecal-oral?
HAV and HEV
236
Which hepatitis virus are carrier?
B,C,D
237
How long is the incubation time for HAV?
Short (weeks)
238
These hepatitis virus infection increase the risk of Hepatocellular carcinoma
HBV, HCV, HDV
239
Which are the characteritics of Hepatitis A?
Asymptomatic (usually), Acute, Alone (no carriers)
240
HBV is classified as...
DNA hepadnavirus
241
Which are the transmission ways for HBV?
Parenteral, Sexual, Maternal fetal
242
How much time does it takes for HBV to incubate?
Long (months)
243
How does HBV increases the risk for Hepatocellular carcinoma?
Integrates into host genome, acts as oncogen
244
This hepatitis virus is conseder RNA flavivirus
HCV
245
This is the way HCV is primarily transmitted
Primarily blood: Intravenous Drug users Post transfusion
246
How much time does it takes for HCV to incubate?
Long
247
This is the way HCV increases the risk for Hepatocellular carcinoma
From chronic inflamation
248
Which are the characteristics of HCV virus?
Chronic, Cirrhosis, Carcinoma, Carrier
249
Which kind of virus is consider HDV?
RNA delta virus
250
How is HDV adquired?
Parenteral, sexual, Maternal fetal
251
Which are the ways of infection if HDV?
Superinfection | Co infection
252
What is a Superinfection of HDV?
HDV after HBV
253
What is a co infection by HDV?
HDV with HBV
254
How much times does HDV takes to inccubate?
Superinfection-short | Co infection- long
255
Does HDV increase the risk of Hepatocellular carcinoma?
Yes
256
Which kind of infection decreases the prognosis of the patient?
Superinfection
257
How is categorize HDV?
Defective virus dependent on HBV
258
Consider RNA hepevirus
HEV
259
How is HEV acquired?
Fecal - Oral, especially with waterborne epidemics
260
Who are consider at higher risk of mortality if infected by HEV?
Pregnant Women
261
Which are the common signs and symptoms in all Hepatitis viruses?
Episodes of Fever, jaundice, Increase ALT and AST
262
In HBV which kind of activities does DNA polymerase has?
Both DNA and RNA denpendent activities
263
Which is the best test to detect active active Hepatitis A?
Anti-HAV (IgM antibody)
264
What is the anti- HAV? what does it indicates?
IgG antibody indicates prior HAV infection and prior vaccination; protects against reinfection
265
This laboratory study indicates Hepatitis B infection
HBsAg
266
What is HBsAg?
Antigen found on surface of HBV
267
This laboratory study indicates Immunity to Hepatitis B
Anti HBs
268
Which kind of antibodies are Anti-HBs?
Antibodies to HBsAg
269
What is HBcAg?
Antigen associated with core of HBV
270
What is Anti HBc?
Antibody to HBcAg
271
Which kind of Antibody is Anti-HBc?
IgM and IgG
272
As IgM antibody what does Anti-HBc indicates?
Acute/recent infection
273
As IgG antibody what does Anti-HBc indicates?
Prior exposure or chronic infection
274
When do Anti Hbc result positive?
Positive during window period
275
Consider a second different antigenic determinant in the HBV core
HBeAg
276
What does HBeAg indicates?
Active viral replication and therefore high transmissiblity
277
What does Anti HBe indicates?
Low transmissibility
278
Determines Hepatitis B infection during the incubation period
HBsAg
279
During the Prodrome, acute disease of Hepatitis B this laboratories test help
HBsAg (anti-HBc)
280
In the early phase of convalescence this lab test helps in Hepatitis B
Anti HBc
281
Which lab test helps during the convalescene phase of Hepatitis B?
Anti HBs (anti HBc)
282
Which lab test help in Acute HBV?
HbsAg HBeAg Anti HBc - IgM
283
During the window period of Hepatitis B, this labs are diagnostic
Anti-HBe and Anti HBs
284
In chronic HBV which labs helps in high infectivity?
HBsAg HBeAg Anti HBc IgG
285
In chronic HBV which labs helps in high infectivity?
HBsAg Anti HBe Anti HBc IgG
286
Which labs helps to determine recovery phase in HBV infection?
Anti-HBs Anti- HBe IgG
287
This antibodies are increased in immunized Anti-HBs
Anti-HBs
288
From the hepatic Transaminase which is more increase between ALT and AST in viral hepatitis?
ALT>AST
289
In alcoholic hepatitis which is more increased ALT or AST?
AST>ALT
290
Genetically how is conformed HIV?
Diplord genome (2 molecules of RNA)
291
Which are the 3 structural genes (proteins coded for) of HIV?
Envelope proteins gag(p24) Pol
292
Which are the envelope proteins of HIV?
gp120 | gp41
293
Who are acquired the envelope proteins of DNA?
Through bidding from host cell plama membrane
294
Which is the gene that helps the envelope glycoproteins of HIV?
gp160
295
This envelope protein attaches to host CD4+ T cell
gp120
296
Which is the function of gp41?
fusion and entry
297
In the structure of HIV which is the purpouse of gag (p24)
Capside protein
298
Which is the function of pol protein in HIV structure?
Reverse transcriptase, aspartate protease, integrase
299
What is the purpose of reverse transcriptase in HIV?
Synthesizes dsDNA from RNA; dsDNA integrates into host genome
300
This early co-receptor binds to CD4 on T cells by effect of HIV
CCR5
301
This late co-receptor binds to CD4 on T cells by effect if HIV
CXCR4
302
To which cells are CD4 and CCR5 binded by HIV
Macrophages
303
What does homozygous CCR5 mutation means?
Immunity
304
What does heterozygous CCR5 mutation means?
Slower course
305
Whit this lab test you can make the presumptive diagnosis of HIV?
ELISA
306
Rule out test for HIV
ELISA
307
Which are the characteristics of ELISA test in HIV?
Sensitive, High false positive rate and low threshold
308
If positive result in ELISA for HIV, what is next?
Western blot assay
309
Rule in test for HIV
Western blot assay
310
Which are the characteristics of Western blot assay for HIV?
Specific, high false negative rate and high threshold
311
This lab test determines the amount of viral RNA in the plasma in HIV
HIV PCR/ viral load test
312
Which lab result is associated with bad prognosis in HIV?
High viral load with HIV PCR
313
Which is the other purpose of monitoring viral loads?
Effect of drug therapy
314
How is AIDS diagnose?
< 200 CD4+ cells/mm3
315
Which are the normal counts if CD4+?
500-1500 cella/ mm3
316
When do you consider HIV +?
AIDS definin condition (eg. Pneumocystis pneumonia) | CD4 percentage <14%
317
What does ELISA/Western blot look for?
Antibodies to viral proteins
318
In which situations can ELISA/Western blot result false negative?
First 1-2 month of HIV infection
319
In which situations can ELISA/Western blot result false positive?
Initially in babies born to infected mothers with HIV
320
Which antibodycrosses placente that gives false positive in initially babies born to infected mothers with HIV?
anti gp120
321
Which are the Four phases of untreated HIV infection?
Flu-like (ACUTE) Feeling fine (LATENT) Falling count Final crisis
322
What happens to the HIV virus during the latent phase?
Virus replicates in lymph nodes
323
In HIV when is consider moderate immunocompromise?
<400 CD4+ cells/mm3
324
Which CD levels are consider AIDS defining illnessses emerge?
<200 CD4+ cells/mm3
325
After the primary infection by HIV, what comes next?
Acute HIV syndrome Wide dissemination of virus Seeding lymphoid organs
326
When do the Constitutional symptoms of HIV start?
When CD4 Levels are lower than 200
327
When do the Oportunistic diseases of HIV start?
More less 10 years after primary infection, lower levels than 200 CD4+ close to the final stage
328
Which are common diseases in HIV positive adults if decrease counts of CD4+?
Reactivation of past infections (TB, HSV, shingles) Dissemination of bacterial infections and fungal infections Non hodgkin lymphomas
329
In HIV positive patients if there is an infection by Histoplasma capsulatum, which could be the possible clinical findings?
Systemic findings | Low grade fevers, cough, hepatosplanomegaly, tongue ulcer
330
Is is possible to see pulmonary symtpoms with Histoplasmosis capsulatum in HIV positive patients?
No, pulmonary symptoms are just for immunocompetent hosts
331
Which are the findings in the microscope in Histoplasma capsulatum infection?
Oval yeast cells within macrophages
332
How could CD4 levels be in HIV patients if you see Histoplasma capsulatum infection?
< 100 cells/ mm3
333
Which could be dermatologic findings in HIV positive patients?
Fluffy white cottage cheese lesions Hairy Leukoplakia Superficial vascular proliferation
334
Who causes fluffy white cottage cheese lesions in HIV patients?
C. albicans
335
What can C. albicans cause in HIV patients?
Oral thrush and esophagitis
336
In microscope, how is seen C. albicans?
Pseudohyphae
337
If seen oral infection by C. albicans in HIV patients, how do you expect to see CD4 counts?
CD4 + < 400 cells/ mm3
338
If seen esophagealinfection by C. albicans in HIV patients, how do you expect to see CD4 counts?
CD4 + < 100 cells/ mm3
339
Who causes Hairy leokoplakia in HIV patients?
EBV
340
Where is commonly seen Hairy leukoplakia with EBV infection?
Often on lateral toungue
341
This dermatologic manifestation is seen with Bartonella henselae infection in HIV patients
Superficial vascular proliferation
342
What does the biopsy reveals with Bartonella henselae infection in HIV positive patients?
Neutrophilic inflamation
343
What can Bartonella henselae cause?
Bacillary angiomatosis
344
Which is the most common gastrointestinal manifestation in HIV patients?
Chronic, watery diarrhea
345
Who causes chronic watery diarrhea in HIV positive patients?
Cryptosporidium spp
346
Which lab test is necessary to diagnose Cryptosporidium infection in HIV positive patients?
Acid fast cysts seen in stool
347
Which CD4+ counts would you expect to see if chronic diarrhea?
CD4+ <200 cell/ mm3
348
Name some possible neurologic findings in HIV patients
``` Abscesses Dementia Encephalopathy Meningitis Retinitis ```
349
What can Toxoplasma gondii cause in HIV positive patients?
CNS Abscesses
350
On imaging how do you see CNS abscesses caused by Toxoplasma gondi in HIV patients?
Many ring enhancing lesions
351
These are the expected CD4+ counts in Toxoplasma gondii infection in HIV patient
< 100 cells/mm3
352
Which is the cause of encephalopathy in HIV patiens?
Reactivation of latent virus
353
Which virus can be reactivated in HIV patients causing encephalopathy?
John Cunningham virus
354
This encephalopathy is caused by John Cunningham virus in HIV patients
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
355
These could be the CD4+ counts in HIV patient if there is encephalopathy
< 200 cells/mm3
356
This is the result of JC virus reactivation in encephalopathy
Demyelination
357
Who is responsable of causing meningitis in HIV positive patients?
Cryptococcus neoformans
358
What is seen in the microscope in cryptococcus neoformans infection?
Yeast with narrow based budding and large capsule
359
Which stain is used for Cryptococcus neoformans?
India ink
360
Which CD4+ levels are expected if Meningitis in HIV positive patients?
<50 cells/ mm3
361
Who causes retinitis in HIV patients?
CMV
362
Which are the clinical findings in patients with Retinitis in HIV patients?
Cotton wool spots on fundoscopic exam
363
What else can CMV can cause in HIV patients?
Retinitis | Esophagitis
364
Which CD4+ levels are expected if CMV infection in HIV positive patients?
<50 cells/ mm3
365
Which are the possible oncologic diseases seen in HIV patients?
Non Hodgkin lymphoma (large cell type) Primary CNS lymphoma Squamos cell carcinoma Superficial neoplastic proliferation of vasculature
366
These two oncologic diseases can be associated to EBV in HIV positive patients
Non Hodgkin lymphoma | Primary CNS lymphoma
367
This is the common site of aparition on Non Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV patients
Oropharynx (Wladeyer ring)
368
These are the two types of manifestations of Primary CNS lymphoma in HIV positive patients
Focal or multiple
369
How is related HPV and HIV postive patients?
They have increase risk for Squamos cell carcinoma
370
Which are the common sites of squamos call carcinoma in HIV patients?
Often in anus (men who have sex with men) or cervix
371
Who causes superficial neoplastic proliferation of vasculature in HIV positive patients?
HHV-8
372
What can HHV-8 cause in HIV patients?
Kaposi sarcoma
373
What does biopsy reveals in superficial neoplastic proliferation of vasculature in HIV positive patients?
Lymphocytic inflamation
374
Which respiratory diseases are related to HIV positive patients?
``` Interstitial pneumonia Invasive apergillosis Pneumocystits pneumonia Pneumonia Tuberculosis like disease ```
375
This virus is responsable of causing interstitial pneumonia in HIV patients
CMV
376
What is found in the biopsy in HIV positive patients with interstitial pneumonia caused bi CMV
Cells with intranucleat (owl eye) inclusion bodies
377
Which respiratory disease can Aspergillus fumigatus cause in HIV patients?
Invasive aspergillosis
378
Which are the findings in invasive aspergillosis?
Pleuritic pain, hemoptysis, infiltrates on imaging
379
This disease is caused by pneumocystis jirovecii in HIV positive patients
Pneumocystis pneumonia
380
In imaging studies what is foun in Pneumoystis pneumonia?
Ground glass appearance
381
Which is the special moment when CD4+ counts relate to pneumocystis pneumonia?
Especially with CD4+ < 200 cells/ mm3
382
Which is the most common bacteria that causes pneumonia in HIV patients?
S. pneumoniae
383
Who causes Tuberculosis like disease in HIV patients?
Mycobacterium avium- intracellulare
384
Which other name does Mycobacterium avium intrecellulare receives?
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
385
Which is the special moment when CD4+ counts relate to pneumocystis pneumonia?
Especially with CD4+ < 50 cells/ mm3
386
Which is the cause of prions disease?
Caused by the conversion of a normal (predominantly α helical) protein termed prion protein (PrPc) to a β pleated form (PrPsc), which is transmissible
387
Which are the characteristics of PrPsc in prions disease?
Resists protease degradation and facilitates the conversion of still more PrPc to PrPsc
388
Which are the consequences of PrPsc accumulation in prion disease?
Spongiform encephalopathy and dementia, ataxia and death
389
Which are the ways of having Prions disease?
Sporadic Inherited Acquired
390
This is the name for sporadic Prions disease
Creutzfeldt Jakob disease
391
Which is one of the main characteristics of Creutzfeldt Jacob disease?
Rapidly progressive dementia
392
Inherited prions disease
Gersmann Straussler Sheinker syndrome
393
Aquired prions disease
Kuru

MICROBIOLOGY (8 decks)

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