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MICROBIOLOGY > MICROBIOLOGY- Basic Bacteriology > Flashcards

MICROBIOLOGY- Basic Bacteriology Flashcards

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1
Q

This Bacterial structure gives rigid support, protects againts osmotic pressure

A

Peptidoglycan

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2
Q

This is the chemichal composition of peptydoglycan

A

Sugar backbone with peptide side chains

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3
Q

Which is the link between Sugar and peptide in the peptydoglycan?

A

Cross linked by transpeptidase

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4
Q

What is the difference in the membrane between gram positive and gram negatives?

A

Gram positive have cell wall/ cell memebrane

Gram negative have Outer membrane

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5
Q

In the gram positives works as the major surface antigen

A

Cell wall/ Cell membrane

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6
Q

This bacterial structure gives support to the cell membrane in gram positives

A

Peptudoglycan

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7
Q

This element on the cell wall in gram positives induces TNF and IL-1

A

Lipotheichoic acid

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8
Q

In Gram negatives this is the site of endotoxin and major surface antigen

A

Outer membrane

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9
Q

In gram negatives is consider the endotoxin

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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10
Q

In the outer membrane of gram negatives, who induces TNF and IL-1

A

Lipid A

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11
Q

This chemical compositon plays the role as the antigen in the outer membrane

A

O polysaccharide is the antigen

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12
Q

Unique to gram positives

A

Lipoteichoic acid

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13
Q

Unique to gram negatives

A

Endotoxin/LPS

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14
Q

Which is the function of plasma membrane in the bacterial structure?

A

Site of oxidative and transport enzymes

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15
Q

Which is the chemical composition of Plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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16
Q

This bacterial structure manages the Protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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17
Q

Which kind of subunits do the bacterias have?

A

50S and 30S Subunits

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18
Q

This is a characteristic just for gram negatives which consists of a space between the cytoplasmic membrane and outter membrane

A

Periplasm

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19
Q

What does the periplasm contains?

A

Many hydrolytic enzymes including β Lactamase

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20
Q

This Bacterial structure gives protection against phagocytosis

A

Capsule

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21
Q

Which is the chemical composition of capsule on the bacterial structure?

A

Polysacaccharide

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22
Q

Which Bacteria is the only exception on the chemical composition of the capsule?

A

Bacillus anthracis

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23
Q

Why is Bacillus anthracis the only exception on the chemical composition of the capsule?

A

Because it contains D glutamate instead of polysaccharide

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24
Q

Which importance does Pilus has in the bacteria structure?

A

Mediate adherence of bacterial to cell surface

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25
Q

What other name does the pilus receives?

A

Fimbria

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26
Q

Who carries the attachment between 2 bacteria during conjugation?

A

Sex Pilus

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27
Q

This is the chemical composition of fimbria

A

Glycoprotein

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28
Q

Who gives the motility to the bacteria?

A

Flagellum

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29
Q

The flagellum is composed of….

A

Proteins

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30
Q

This bacterial structure makes the bacteria resistant to dehydration, heat and chemicals

A

Spore

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31
Q

This bacterial structure gives the bacteria a Keratin like coat

A

Spore

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32
Q

Chemicaly this are the composition of the spore

A

Dipicolinic acid; peptidoglycan

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33
Q

Contains a variaty of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes and toxins

A

Plasmid

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34
Q

What is the composition of the plasmid?

A

DNA

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35
Q

Mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (indwelling catheters)

A

Glycocalyx

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36
Q

What is the difference between Glycocalyx and Pilus?

A

Glycocalyx is made of polysaccharide

Pilus is made of glycoprotein

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37
Q

Which are the types of bacterial morphology?

A 
Circular (coccus)
Rod (bacillus)
Branching filamentous
Pleomorphic
Spiral
No cell wall
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38
Q

Give examples of circular (coccus) gram positive

A

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

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39
Q

In the morphology Neisseria is an example of?

A

Coccus gram negative

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40
Q

Who are examples of Rod (bacillus) gram positive?

A 
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Bacillus
Listeria
Mycobacterium
Gardnerella
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41
Q

This kind of Rod bacteria is consider a gram variable

A

Gardnerrella

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42
Q

Which is the classification of Bacillus Gram negatives?

A

Enterics
Respiratory
Zoonotic

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43
Q

Give examples of Rod Gram negatives of the enteric famiy

A 
E. coli
Shigella
Salmonella
Yersinia
Klebsiella
Proteus
Enterobacter
Serratia
Vibrio
Campylobacter
Helicobacter
Pseudomonas
Bacteriods
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44
Q

Which is the bacterial taxonomy of Haemophilus, Legionella and Bordetella?

A

Bacillus gram negative of the respiratory family

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45
Q

This respiratory Rod bacteria is consider pleomorphic

A

Haemophilus

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46
Q

Who are consider Zoonotic Bacterias?

A

Francisella
Brucella
Pasteurella
Bartonella

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47
Q

Which bacterias are consider branching filamentous?

A

Actinomyces

Nocardia

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48
Q

Rickettsiae and Chlamydiae which morphology do they have?

A

Pleomorphic

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49
Q

Giemsa stain is used for this bacterias

A

Rickettsiae
Chlamydiae
Borrelia

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50
Q

These three bacterias are consider Spiral or spirochetes

A

Borelia
Leptospira
Treponema

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51
Q

Which is the only bacteria that doesn´t has a cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma

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52
Q

Why doesn´t Mycoplama Gram stains?

A

Because it doesn´t has cell wall

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53
Q

So… if Mycoplasma doesn´t has a cell wall, what does it has?

A

Contain sterols

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54
Q

What is so special about mycobacteria cell wall?

A

Contain mycolic acid. High lipid content

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55
Q

These bacterias do not Gram stain well

A 
Treponema
Mycobacterias
Mycoplasma
Legionella pneumophila
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
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56
Q

Which is the reason treponema doesn´t Gram stain well?

A

Too thin to be visualized

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57
Q

What is needed in order to visualized Treponem?

A

Treponemes-dark field microscopy and fluorescent antibody staining

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58
Q

This bacteria has high lipid content in cell wall, that´s why it doesn´t stain well with Gram

A

Mycobacteria

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59
Q

So… if it´s difficult for Mycobacteria to be visualized with Gram stain, How do we detect it?

A

Detected by carbolfuchsin in acid fast stain

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60
Q

Which is the reason Legionella pneumophila has limitation with Gram stain?

A

Because is Primarily intracellular

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61
Q

This special stain is used for Legionella pneumophila

A

Silver Stain

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62
Q

These two bacterias are consider intracellular parasites

A

Rickettsia

Chlamydia

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63
Q

What does Chlamydia lacks in the cell wall?

A

Lacks muramic acid in cell wall

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64
Q

Name 5 types of stain

A 
Giemsa
PAS
Ziehl Neelsen
India ink
Silver stain
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65
Q

These 5 bacterias are stain with Giemsa

A

Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsiae, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

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66
Q

What does the PAS stains?

A

Stains Glycogen, mucopolysaccharides

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67
Q

Which disease is diagnosed with PAS?

A

Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei)

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68
Q

Which is the meaning of PAS?

A

Periodic acid acid Schiff

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69
Q

Ziehl Neelsen works for these bacterias

A

Acid fast organisms (Nocardia, Mycobacterium)

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70
Q

Which other name does Ziehl Neelsen receives?

A

Carbol fuchsin

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71
Q

This bacteria requires India ink because of its thick polysaccharide capsule

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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72
Q

What else can be use to stain thick ploysacharide capsules?

A

mucicarminne stains red

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73
Q

Who can be stain with silver?

A

Fungi (Pneumocystis), Legionella, Helicobacter pylori

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74
Q

Which media is used in special cultures for H. influenzae?

A

Chocolate agar with factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)

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75
Q

Thayer Martin (or VPN) is the media culture for this bacteria

A

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Neisseria Meningitidis

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76
Q

Which characteristics does VPN media has?

A

Vancomycin (inhibits gram positives organisms)
Polymyxin (inhibits gram negative organisms except Neisseria)
Nystatin (inhibits fungi)

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77
Q

For Bordetella Pertusis this is the special media culture

A

Bordet Gengou (potato) agar

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78
Q

Tellurite agar, Loffler medium is special media culture for?

A

C. diphteriae

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79
Q

In order to make a culture for M. Tuberculosis, what agar is needed?

A

Lowenstein Jensen agar

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80
Q

For M. pneumoniae which is the media used for isolation and what is the special requirement?

A

Eaton Agar, requires cholesterol

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81
Q

Pink colonies on MacConkey agar is used for…

A

Lactose fermenting enterics

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82
Q

Why do the colonies turn pink with MacConkey agar?

A

Fermentation produces acid, turning colony pink

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83
Q

Apart from MacConkey agar, where else can E. Coli grow?

A

Eosin Methylene blue (EMB) agar with green metalic sheen

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84
Q

This is the media used for isolating Legionella

A

Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron

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85
Q

If you want to make a special culture for Fungi which agar do yo need?

A

Saboraud agar

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86
Q

Why do the Obligate aerobes are O2 dependant?

A

To generate ATP

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87
Q

These are examples of obligate aerobes

A

Nocardia, Pseudomona aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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88
Q

If there is a reactivation of M. tuberculosis where is the predilection site of apperance? Why?

A

Apices of the lung, which have the highest POs

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89
Q

Which cases can be at risk for reactivation of M. Tuberculosis?

A

After immune compromise or TNF α inhibitor use

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90
Q

In which patients can P. aeruginosa be seen?

A

Seen in burn wounds, complications of diabetes, nosocomial pneumonia, pneumonias in cystic fibrosis patients

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91
Q

Clostridium, Bacteriodes and Actinomyces on which kind of conditions do they have to live?

A

Obligate anaerobes

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92
Q

Why do the obligate anaerobes are suceptible to oxidative damage?

A

They lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase

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93
Q

Why do the obligate anaerobes generally have foul smell?

A

Short chain fatty acids

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94
Q

These bacterias are difficult to culture, and also produce gas in tissue

A

Obligate anaerobes

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95
Q

Which kind of gas do obligate anaerobes produce?

A

CO2 and H2

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96
Q

Are part of the normal flora in GI tract, but pathogenic elsewhere

A

Obligate anaerobes

97
Q

True or False… Aminoglycosides are effective against anaerobes

A

False aminoglycosides are ineffective against anaerobes

98
Q

Why are aminoglycosides ineffective against anaerobes?

A

Because these antibiotics require O2 to enter into bacterial cell

99
Q

Which Bacterias are Obligate intracellular?

A

Rickettsia and Chlamydia

100
Q

Why Rickettsia and Chlamydia are Obligate intracellular?

A

Because they can´t make their own ATP

101
Q

Which Bacterias are consider Facultative intracellular?

A

Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia pestis

102
Q

Which is the mnemonic for facultative intracellular bacterias?

A

Somo Nasty Bacterias May Live FacultativeLY

103
Q

Give examples of encapsulated bacteria

A

Sterptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiellapneumoniae, and group B Strep

104
Q

What importance does the capsule has in the Bacteria?

A

Serves as an antiphagocytic virulence factor

105
Q

What purpose do the Capsule + protein conjugate have?

A

Serves as an antigen in vaccines

106
Q

How does the body reacts to encapsulated bacterias?

A

Are opsonized and then cleared by spleen

107
Q

Which kind of patiens have increased risk for severe infection?

A

Asplenics have ↓opsonizing ability

108
Q

For the asplenic patients is neccesary giving vaccines, for which bacterias?

A

S. pneumoniae, H. influenzar, N. Meningitidis

109
Q

What does the catalase degrades?

A

H2O2 before it can be converted to microbicidal products by the enzyme myeloperoxidase

110
Q

Which kind of deficiency do people with chronic granulomatous disease have?

A

NADH oxidase deficiency

111
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease patients are propense to have reccurents infections of which organisms?

A

Catalase + organisms

112
Q

Which bacterias are consider Catalase positive?

A

Pseudomona, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candidam E. Coli, S aureusm, Serratia

113
Q

How dow do the encapsulated bacteria vacinnes enhance immunogenicity?

A

By promoting T cell activation and subsequent class switching

114
Q

Can a polysaccharide antigen alone be presented to T cells?

A

No, it has to be conjugated

115
Q

Which are examples of conjugated vaccines?

A

Pneumococcal Conjugated Vacine (PCV)
H. influenzae type B
Meningococcal vacinne

116
Q

Which comercial name does Pneumococcal conjugated vaccine receives?

A

Prevnar

117
Q

This is an example of no conjugated with proteins vaccine

A

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine with no conjugated protein

118
Q

This is the commercial name of Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine with no conjugated protein

A

Pneumovax

119
Q

Which bacterias are consider Ureasa positive?

A

Cryptococcocus, H. pylori, Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S. Epidermidis, S. saprophyticus

120
Q

Which is the nmemonic for Ureasa positive bugs?

A

CHuck norris hates PUNKSS

121
Q

Which bacteria has yellow sulfur granules composed of filamentof bacteria?

A

Actinomyces israelli

122
Q

Which pigment does Pseudomona aeruginosa produces?

A

Blue green pigment

123
Q

This bacteria produces a red pigment

A

Serratia marcescens

124
Q

Which is the purpose of Bacterial virulence factors?

A

Promote evasion of host immune response

125
Q

These are examples of mechanisms of Bacterial virulence factors

A

Protein A
IgA protease
M protein

126
Q

Where does Protein A of bacterial virulence factors works?

A

Binds Fc region of IgG

127
Q

What does Protein A prevents?

A

Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis

128
Q

Which Bacteria expresses Protein A?

A

S. aureus

129
Q

This bacterial virulence factor cleaves IgA

A

IgA protease

130
Q

Which bacterias secrete IgA?

A

S. pneumonia, H. influenzae type B and Neisseria

131
Q

Why do S. pneumonia, H. influenzae type B and Neisseria secrete IgA?

A

In order to colonize respiratory mucosa

132
Q

This bacterial virulence factor helps prevent phagocytosis

A

M protein

133
Q

Which bacterial virulence factor does group A streptococci expresses?

A

M protein

134
Q

Which kind of bacterias have Exotoxin?

A

Certain species of some gram positive and gram negative

135
Q

Who has and where are located the endotoxins?

A

Outter cell membran of most gram negative bacteria

136
Q

The Exotoxin is mainly composed by?

A

Polypeptide

137
Q

Chemically which is the main component of Endotoxin?

A

Lypopolysaccharide

138
Q

When does the endotoxin of Lypopolysacharide is released?

A

When lysed

139
Q

Exotoxin or Endotoxin… The location of their genes is in plasmid or bacteriophage

A

Exotoxin

140
Q

Where is the location of genes with the Endotoxin

A

Bacterial chromosome

141
Q

Who is more fatal, exotoxin or endotoxin?

A

Exotoxin, high toxicity

142
Q

Which is the fatal dose with exotoxins?

A

1 µg

143
Q

Which is the fatal dose with endotoxins?

A

hundreds of µg

144
Q

Which are clinical effects of Endotoxin?

A

Fever, Shock, (hypotension), DIC

145
Q

This is the mode of action

A

Induces TNF, IL- 1 and IL-6

146
Q

Induces high titer antibodies called antitoxins

A

Exotoxins

147
Q

They are consider poorly antigenic… Endotoxin or Exotoxin?

A

Endotoxin

148
Q

Toxoid used as vaccines… Endotoxin or Exotoxin?

A

Exotoxin

149
Q

How is the heat stability for Exotoxins?

A

Destroyed rapidly at 60º C

150
Q

Which is the only exotoxin that isn´t destroyed at 60º C

A

Staphylococcal enterotoxin

151
Q

At which temperature are endotoxins still stable?

A

Stable at 100ºC

152
Q

For how much time do Endotoxins can be stable at 100ºC?

A

For 1 hr

153
Q

These are the typical diseases that have exotoxin

A

Tetanus, botulism, diphteria

154
Q

Which bacterias have endotoxin?

A

Meningoccocemia, sepsis by gram negative rods

155
Q

These bacterias produce exotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Croynebacterium diphteriae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Shigella spp
Enterohemorragic E. Coli, including O157: h7 strain

156
Q

Which exotoxin Corynebacterium diphtheriae produces to inhibit the protein synthesis?

A

Diphteria toxin

157
Q

Which exotoxin Pseudomona aeruginosa produces to inhibit the protein synthesis?

A

Exotoxin A

158
Q

Which is the mechanism of action of Diphteria Toxin and Exotoxin A?

A

Inactivate elingation factor (EF-2)

159
Q

If you have a patient infected by Corynebacterium diphteriae which are the manifestation?

A

Pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat and severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck)

160
Q

What are the repercussions at cellular level with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection?

A

Host cell death

161
Q

These two exotoxins inactivate 60S ribosome

A

Shiga toxin (ST) and Shiga-like toxin (SLT)

162
Q

How do Shiga toxin (ST) and Shiga-like toxin (SLT) inactivate 60S ribosome

A

By removing adenine from rRNA

163
Q

This bacteria produces Shiga toxin

A

Shigella spp

164
Q

Who produces Shiga like toxin?

A

Enterohemorragic E. coli, including O157: H7 strain

165
Q

What kind of toxins are Shiga toxin and Shiga like toxin?

A

ADP ribosylating A-B toxin

166
Q

How does ADP ribosylating A-B toxin works?

A

B (binding) component binding to host cell surface, enabling endocytosis
A (active) component attaches ADP ribosyl to disrupt hist cell

167
Q

Which manifestations does Shiga toxin has?

A

GI mucosal damage leading to dysentery

Enhances cytokyne release causing hemolytic uremic syndrome

168
Q

Which manifestations does Shiga like toxin has?

A

Enhances cytokyne release causing hemolytic uremic syndrome

169
Q

Cellulary which difference do Shigella and Enterohemorragic E. Coli have?

A

Unlike Shigella, Enterohemorragic E. Coli does not invade host cells

170
Q

Which kind of effects can Exotoxins cause?

A 
Inhibit protein synthesis
Increase fluid secretion
Inhibit phagocytic ability
Inhibit release of neurotransmitters
Lyse cell membranes
Superantigens causing shock
171
Q

These bacterias with their exotoxins can cause an increase fluid secretion

A

Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
Bacillus anthracis
Vibrio cholerae

172
Q

These are the two toxins Enterotoxigenic E. coli can produce to cause increase fluid secretion

A

Heat labile Toxin

Heat Stable toxin

173
Q

Which is the mechanism of action of Heat labile toxin of Enterotoxigenic E. Coli

A

Overactive Adenylate cyclase (↑ cAMP)→ ↑Cl- secretion in gut and H2O efflux

174
Q

This exotoxin causes Overactive Guanylate cyclase (↑ cGMP)→ ↓ resorption of NaCl and H2O in gut

A

Heat stable toxin of Enterotoxigenic E. Coli

175
Q

Who produces Edema Factor, that increases the fluid secretions?

A

Bacillus anthracis

176
Q

Which mechanism does Edeme factor in order to increase fluid secretion?

A

Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (↑ cAMP)

177
Q

How is clinicaly manifestated Bacillus anthracis with the edema factor

A

Likely responsible for characteristic edematous borders of blak eschar in cutaneous anthrax

178
Q

Which is the name of the famous toxin produced by Vibrio cholera?

A

Cholera toxin

179
Q

This is the mechanism of action of Cholera toxin

A

Overactive Adenylate cyclase (↑ cAMP) by permanently activating Gs→ ↑Cl- secretion in gut and H2O efflux

180
Q

Which is the clinical manifestation of Cholera toxin?

A

Voluminous rice water diarrhea

181
Q

This bacteria has the ability to inhibit phagocytic pertussis

A

Bordetella pertussis

182
Q

Which is the exotoxin produce by Bordetella pertussis?

A

Pertussis toxin

183
Q

This is the mechanism of defence of how Bordetella pertussis protects itself from phagocytosis with Pertussis toxin

A

Overactive Adenylate cyclase (↑ cAMP) by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe

184
Q

Whooping cough is the clinical manifestion of…

A

Bordetella pertussis

185
Q

What is the whooping cough?

A

Child coughs on expiration and whoops on inspiration

186
Q

What can Pertussis toxin cause in adults?

A

100 day cough

187
Q

Which is the exotoxin effect of Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum?

A

Inhibit release of neurotransmitter

188
Q

Which exotoxin are secreted by Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum?

A

Tetanospasmin and Botulinum toxin

189
Q

This is the mechanism of action of Tetanospasmin and Botulinum toxin

A

Both are proteases that cleave SNARE proteins required for neurotransmitter release

190
Q

This is the clinical manifestation of Clostridium tetani

A

Spasticity, risus sardonicus, and lockjaw

191
Q

What does the Tetanospamin prevents?

A

Prevents release of inhibitory (GABA and glycine)

192
Q

Tetanospamin Prevents release of inhibitory (GABA and glycine), but which cell produces them?

A

Renshaw cells in spinal chord

193
Q

This bacteria causes Flaccid paralysis and floopy baby by effect of its toxin

A

Clostridium botulinum

194
Q

Which neurotransmitter is prevented from being release by Clostridium botulinum toxin?

A

Prevents release of stimulatory ACH signals at neuromuscular junctions

195
Q

These bacterias cause lyse cell membranes

A

Clostridium perfringens

Streptococcus pyogenes

196
Q

Which is the exotoxin of Clostridium perfringens that causes lyse cell membranes

A

Alpha toxin

197
Q

Phospholipase (lecithinase) that degrades tissue and cell membranes produce by a certain Bacteria

A

Alpha toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens

198
Q

What is the effect of Alpha toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens to the cell memebrane?

A

Degradation of phospholipids→ myonecrosis and hemolysis

199
Q

How is manifested the myonecrosis caused by Clostridium perfringens?

A

Gas gangrene

200
Q

Which is the finding seen with hemolysis caused by Clostridium perfringens?

A

“Double zone” of hemolysis on blood agar

201
Q

This exotosin is produced by Streptococcus pyogenes in order to degrade cell membranes

A

Streptolysin O

202
Q

What manifestation does Streptolysin O has in the blood?

A

Lyses RBCs, contributes to β hemolysis

203
Q

What is used to diagnose rheumatic fever?

A

Host antibodies against Toxin (ASO- Anti Streptolysin O)

204
Q

Is it the same Anti Streptolysin O (ASO) to the immune complexes of streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

No, they are completely different

205
Q

This two bacterias cause superantigens causing shock

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus pyogenes

206
Q

Its Sthaphylococcus aureus superantigen causing shock

A

Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)

207
Q

Which is the superantigen causing shock produce by Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Exotoxin A

208
Q

How do Toxic shock syndrome toxin and Exotoxin cause Shock?

A

Bring MHC II andTCR in proximity to outside if antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IFN γ and IL-2 → Shock

209
Q

Which clinical manifestation are seen in Toxic shock syndrome caused by S. aureus or S. pyogenes?

A

Fever, Rash, Shock

210
Q

Which other exotoxin are produced by S. aureus?

A 
Exfoliative toxin (Cause scalded skin syndrome)
Enterotoxin (Food poisoning)
211
Q

Where do we find LPS?

A

Outer membrane of gram negative bacteria (cocci and rods)

212
Q

LPS are consider an exotoxin or a endotoxin?

A

Endotoxin

213
Q

Which kind if lipids do Endotoxins have?

A

Lipid A

214
Q

Which are the three main functions of Endotoxins?

A

Activate macrophages
Activate complement
Activates tissue factor

215
Q

These are the secretion of macrophages activated by Endotoxin

A

IL- 1
TNF
Nitric oxide

216
Q

What is the effect of increase IL-1?

A

Fever

217
Q

From the activated macrophages, who manage the hypotension?

A

Nitric Oxide

218
Q

This macrophage secretion manages both Fever and hypotension

A

TNF

219
Q

These two products of complemtent are activated by Endotoxin

A

C3a

C5a

220
Q

Which activated complement causes hypotension and edema, C3a or C5a?

A

C3a

221
Q

Which is the effect of C5a?

A

Neutrophil chemotaxis

222
Q

If endotoxin activates tissue factor… which could be the repercussions?

A

Coagulation cascade→ DIC

223
Q

Which is mnemonic used for Endotoxin effects?

A 
ENDOTOXIN
Edema
Nitric oxide
DIC
Outer membrane
TNF α
O antigen
eXtrimely heat stable
IL-1
Neutrophil chemotaxis
224
Q

These are some Bacterial genetics characteristics

A

Transformation
Conjugation
Transposition
Transduction

225
Q

For a Bacteria, what is a transformation?

A

Ability to take up naked DNA from enviroment (also known as competence)

226
Q

In the Bacterial Conjugation, what does it means F+ x F-?

A

F+ plasmid contains genes required for sex pilus and conjugation, Bacteria without this plamid are termed F-

227
Q

How is it replicated and transfer the Plasmid (dsDNA)?

A

Through pilus from F+ cell

228
Q

Is it a tranfer of chromosomal genes with F+ cell?

A

No transfer of chromosomal genes

229
Q

What is high frequency recombination (Hfr)?

A

When F+ plasmid can become incorporated into bacterial chromosomal DNA

230
Q

In the Hfr x F- conjugation, is it possible to have a tranfer of plasmid and chromosomal genes?

A

Yes

231
Q

In the bacteria genetics, what is the transposition?

A

Segment of DNA tha can jump (exceision and reintegration) from one location to another, can transfer genes from plasmid to chromosome and viceversa

232
Q

Which is an example of transposition in bacterias?

A

Antibiotic resistance genes on R plasmid. One bacteria that has a flaking DNA is excise and after that incorporated to plasmid and tranferred to another bacterium

233
Q

In the bacterial genetics which is the classification of Transduction?

A

Generalized

Specialized

234
Q

What is a generalized transduction in bacterias?

A

A packaging event

235
Q

Explain the generalized bacterial transduction

A

Lytic phage infects bacterium, leading to clevage of bacterial DNA. Parts of bacterial chromosomal DNA may become packaged in viral capsid. Phage infects another bacterium, transferring these genes.

236
Q

What is a specialized bacterial transduction?

A

An excision event

237
Q

Explain the specialized bacterial transduction

A

Lysogenic phage infects bacterium, viral DNA incroporates intobacterial chromosome. When phage DNA is excised, flanking bacterial genes may be excised with it. DNA is packaged into phage viral capsid and can infect another bacterium

238
Q

Which are the 5 bacterial toxins encoded in a lysogenic phage?

A 
ABCDE
ShigA- like toxin
Botulinum toxin (certain strains)
Cholera Toxin
Dhiptheria Toxin
Erythrogenic toxin of S. pyogenes

MICROBIOLOGY (8 decks)

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