MICROBIOLOGY- Systems Flashcards by Armando Monroy

Most common bacteria found in the skin

S. epidermidis

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These bacterias are commonly found in Nose

S. epidermidis, colonized by S. aureus

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This bacteria is the most common in oropharynx

Viridians group streptococci

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Normal flora in dental plaque

S. mutans

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Who are the most common bacterias found in Colon?

Bacteriodes fragilis > E. coli

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Name the most common bacterias in vagina

Lactobacillus, colonized by E. coli and group B strep

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Which patients have no flora?

Neonates delivered by C-section, but are rapidly colonized after birth

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These bacterias cause a food poisoning that starts quickly and ends quickly

S. aureus and Bacilus cereus

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Which food poisoning is related to Bacilus cereus?

Reheated rice

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This bacteria caused food poisoning and is seen in improperly canned foods

C. botulinum

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In which food can we see C. perfringens?

Reheated meat dishes

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This bacteria is commonly found in undercooked meat

E. coli O157: H7

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Which foods can cause Salmonella infection?

Poultry, meat and eggs

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Which food S. aureus commonly contaminates?

Meats, mayonnaise, custard

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In S. aureues structure, what is the cause of food poisoning?

Preformed toxin

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These bacterias cause food poisoning by contamined seafood

V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus

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This bacteria is acquired by wound infection from contact with contamined water or shellfish

V. vulnificus

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Name the commonly bugs causing bloody diarrhea

Campylobacter
E. histolytica
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
Enteroinvasive E. coli
Salmonella
Shigella
Y. enterocolitica

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These microorganisms cause watery diarrhea

C. difficile
C. perfringens
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Protozoa
V.  cholerae
Viruses (Rotavirus, norovirus)

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In neonates < 4 wk which are the common pathogens causing pneumonia?

Group B streptococci

E. coli

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In children 4 wk-18 YR which are the common pathogens causing pneumonia?

Viruses (Respiratory Syncytal Virus)
Mycoplasma
C. trachomatis
C, pneumoniae
S. pneumoniae

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Who are more common affected by C. trachomatis causing pneumonia?

Infants 3 yr

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Which pathogen is the most common in school aged children causing pneumonia?

C. pneumoniae

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For adults (18-40 YR) these are the most common microorganisms that cause pneumonia

Mycoplasma
C. pneumoniae
S. pneumoniae

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Who are the most common pathogens that cause pneumonia in adults (40-65 YR)?

``` S. pneumoniae H. influenzae Anaerobes Viruses Mycoplasma ```

In eldery these are the most common microorganisms that cause pneumonia

``` S. pneumoniae Influenza Virus Anaerobes H. influenzae Gram negative rods ```

For alcoholic/ IV drug user these are the most common pathogen causing Pneumonia

S. pneumoniae, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus

If aspirated these are the common microorganism that cause pneumonia

Anaerobes

Consider the microorganisms that cause atypical pneumonia

Mycoplasma Legionella Chlamydia

In cystic fibrosis, who are the main pathogens causing pneumonia?

Pseudomonas S. aureus S. pneumoniae

For immninocopromised, these are the main microorganisms that cause pneumonia

``` Staphylococcus Enteric gram negative rods Fungi Viruses P. jirovecii (HIV) ```

These are the most common pathogen hospital acquired (nosocomial)

Staphylococcus Pseudomonas Other Enteric gram negative rods

Postviral infection this are the most common bacterias causing pneumonia

Sthapylococcus H. influenzar S. pneumoniae

Which are the most common causes of meningitisin new born (0-6 MO)?

Group B streptococci E. Coli Listeria

For children (6 MO- 6 YR), these are the most common microorganisms that cause meningitis

S. Penumoniae N meningitidis H. influenzae type B Enteroviruses

In patients from6-60 YR, who are the most common pathogen that cause Meningitis?

S. pneumoniae N. meningitidis Enteroviruses HSV

Which is the number one microorganism that causes Meningitis in teens?

N. Meningitidis

For people older than 60 YR, these are the most common microorganisms that cause Meningitis

S. pneumoniae Grma negative rods Listeria

If you suspect a case of meningitis, which medicines are given empirically?

Ceftriaxone and vancomycin

If you suspect a case of Listeria causing meningitis, which is the treatment?

Cefriaxone and vancomycin add ampicillin

Which are the viruses that can cause meningitis?

``` Enteroviruses (coxsackievirus) HSV-2 HIV West Nile virus VZV ```

Which is the reason H. influenzae meningitis has decreased?

Because of the introduction if conjugate H. influenzae vaccine in last 10-15 years

In whom is more common to see H. influenzae meingitis?

Unimmunized children

Which are the parameters searched in Cerebrospinal fluid?

Opening pressure Cell type Protein Sugar

If looking for meningitis caused by bacterias which are the expected results in CSF?

↑ Opening pressure ↑ PMN ↑ Proteins ↓ Sugar

In case of meningitis caused by fungal/TB which are the expected results in CSF?

↑ Opening pressure ↑ lymphocytes ↑ Proteins ↓ Sugar

If you suspect of meningitis caused by virus, which are the expected results in CSF?

↑/ Normal Opening pressure ↑ lymphocytes ↑/ Normal Proteins Normal Sugar

You must assume if no other information is available that this bacteria is the cause of osteomyelitis

S. aureus (most common overall)

Which are the risk factor for Osteomyelitis?

``` Sexually active Diabetics and IV drug users Sickle cell Prosthetic joint replacement Vertebral involvement Cant and dog bites ```

This bacteria is a rare cause of ostemyelitits if the patient is sexually active

Neisseria fonorrhoeae, septic arthitis more common

Which bacterias are found in diabetics and IV drug users in osteomyelitis patients?

Pseudomona aeruginosa | Serratia

For sickle cell patients this bacteria is related to osteomyelitis

Salmonella

After a prosthetic joint replacement, you must suspect these bacterias in case of osteomyelitis

S. aureus and S. epidermidis

If you see osteomyelitis with vertebral involvement, you must suspect...

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

What is the name of the disease caused by mycobacterium that involves osteomyelitis?

Pott disease

This is the recognize bacteria found in osteomyelitis in case of cat and dog bites

Pateurella multocida

Which group of age is the most common affected by osteomyelitis?

Children

These nonspecific lab test work for osteomyelitis

CRP | ESR

Which imaging studies help in the diagnosis of osetomyelitis?

Subtle in radiographs | More easily seen on MRI

Which are the findings in patients with cystitis?

Dysuria, frequency, urgencym suprapubic pain, and WBCs in urine

Which is the primarily mechanism of acquiring cystitis?

Ascension of microbes fro urethra to bladder

In male infants these are reasons of urinary tract infections

Congenital defects | Vesicoureteral reflux

In eldery men this is the main reason of Urinary tract infection

Enlarged prostate

Which could be the problem if an urinary tract ascends to the kidneys? Which could be the findings in this disease?

Pyelonephritis | Fever, chillsm flank pain costovertebral angle tenderness, hematurua and WBC casts

Who are at higher risk for urinary tract infections?

Ten times more common in women

This is the main reason why is more comon urinary tract infections in women than in men

Shorter urethras colonized by fecal flora

Name other predisposing factor that lead to UTI

Obstruction, kidney surgery, catheterization, GU malformation, diabetes and pregnancy

Which are the diagnostic markers for Urinary tract infection?

Leukocyte esterase test + | Nitrite test +

What does the leujocyte esterase test + indicates?

Bacterial UTI

If nitrite test is positive, what does it means?

Gram negative bacterial UTI

In case of urease tests in urine is positive, what do you suspect?

Urease producing bugs (Proteus, klebsiella)

If urease test in urine is negative and you have a UTI, which bacterias are the cause?

E. coli, Enterococcus

Which bacteria is the leading cause of UTI?

Escherichia Coli

Which culture is used for E. Coli?

EMB agar

What does the E. Coli agar shows in the EMB agar?

green metalic sheen

Consider the 2nd leading cause of UTI

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

In which patients is more common to see staphylococcus saprophyticus?

Sexually active women

This bacteria is the third leadin cause of UTI

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Which are characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae?

Large mucoid capsule and viscous colonies

These three UTI bacterias are acquired nosocomialy and are drug resistant

Serratia marcescens Enterobacter cloacae PSeudomona aeruginosa

Some strains of this UTI bacteria produce a red pigment

Serratia marcescens

Which UTI bacteria produces swarming on agar?

Proteus mirabilis

Why does Proteus mirabilis produces swarming on agar?

Because of its Motility

This UTI bacteria is associated with struvite stones

Proteus mirabilis

Which UTI bacteria produces blue green pigment and fruit odor?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Who causes the most common vaginal infections?

Bacterial vaginosis Trichomoniasis Candida vulvovaginitis

This vaginal infection curse with no inflamation, thin, white discharge with fishy odor

Bacterial vaginosis

Which are the lab findings in Bacterial vaginosis?

Clue cells | pH >4.5

Which is the selected treatment for Bacterial vaginosis?

Metronidazole

Which are the characteristics of Trichomoniasis in vaginal infection?

Inflammation Frothy, grey green Foul smeelling discharge

Which characteristics are found in Lab test for trichomoniasis?

Motile thrichomonads | pH >4.5

In case of vaginal infection by Trichomoniasis, which is the recomended treatment?

Metronidazole | Treat sexual partner

These are the characteristics of Candida vulvovaginitis

Inflammation | Thick, white, cottage cheese discharge

What is found in lab studies in case of candida vulvovaginitis?

``` Pseudohyphae pH normal (4.0-4.5) ```

For Candida vulvovaginitis this is the recomended treatment

Azoles

Who are the agents that cause ToRCHeS infections?

``` Toxoplasma gondii Rubella CMV HIV Herpes simplex virus-2 Syphillis ```

How is acquired ToRCHeS infection?

Microbes that may pass from mother to fetus

Which are the modes of transmission of ToRCHeS infections?

Transplacental in most cases or via delivery (especially HSV-2)

Which are non specific signs of ToRCHeS infections?

Hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, thrombocytopenia, and growth retardation

These are other important infectious agents not included in ToRCHeS

Streptococcus agalactie (group B streptococci) E. coli Listeria monocytogenes

What can Streptococcus agalactie (group B streptococci), E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes cause in the neonate?

Meningitis

Virus that causes Hydrops fetalis

Parvovirus B19

Mode of transmission of Toxoplama gondii

Cat feces or ingestion of undercooked meat

How is Toxoplasma gondii infection maternal manifested?

Usually asymptomatic lymphadenopathy (rarely)

This is the classic triad of Toxoplasma gondi in neonates

Chorioretinitis Hydrocephalus Intracranial calcifications

This is the maternal manifestaion of Rubella

Rash, lymphadenopathy, arthritis

How is transmitted Rubella?

Respiratory droplets

In neonates this is the classic triad of Rubella

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) or pulmonary artery hypoplasia Cataracts Deafness

Which sign can be or not present in Rubella patients?

Blueberry Muffin rash

Which could be the presentation of HIV in maternal patients?

Variable depending on CD4+ count

Which are the ways of transmission of HIV?

Sexual contact, needle stick

How is HIV manifested in neonates patients?

Recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea

In mothers how is manifested Herpes simple virus-2 in mothers?

Usally asymptomatic | Herpetic vesicular lesions

How is hepres simple virus-2 transmitted?

Skin or mucous membrane contacr

These are the manifestations in neonanets that adquired Herpes simple virus-2

Encephalitis | Herpetic vesicular lessions

How is syphilis acquired?

Sexual contact

Which are the two stages of syphilis that can result in fetal infecion?

``` Chancre (1º) Disseminated rash (2º) ```

Which are the common results of syphillis in neonates?

Stillbirth | Hydrops fetalis

Which could be the results of Syphillis in neonates that survive?

Facial abnormalities: Notched teeth, Saddle nose, short maxilla Saber shins CN VIII deafness

These microorganisms can cause red rashes of childhood

``` Coxsackievirus type A HHV-6 Measles virus Parvovirus B19 Rubella virus Streptococcus pyogenes VZV ```

This virus causes Hand-Foot-mouth disease

Coxsackievirus type A

How is Hand-Foot-mouth disease manifested?

Vesicular rash on plams and soles | Vesicles and ulcers in oral mucosa

Which red rash of childhood can HHV-6 cause?

Roseola

Which are the clinical manifestations of Roseola?

A macular rash over body appear after several days of high fever; can present with febrile seizures; ussually affects infants

Paramyxovirus that causes red rash of childhood

Measles virus

How is the clinical evolution of Measles?

Rash Beginning at head and moving down

Which are the findings that precede the rash in measles

Cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and blue white (Koplik) spots on buccal mucosa

Who causes Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)?

Parvovirus B19

Which is the clinical manifestation of Parvovirus B19 of Fifth disease?

Slapped cheek rach on face

What other presentation can Parvovirus B19 has?

Hydrops fetalis in pregnant women

Which is the progression of Rubella rash? and which other clinical presentations does it has?

Rash begins at head and moves down → Fine truncal rash | Postauricular lymphadenopathy

Which rash can Streptococcus pyogenes cause in childhood?

Scarlet fever

Which is the clinical presentation of Scarlet fever?

Erythematous, sandpaper-like rash with fever and sore throat

How causes chikenpox?

VZV

This is the presentation of Chikenpox

Vesicular rash begins in trunk | Spreads to face and extremities with lesions of different ages

Consider sexually transmitted diseases

``` AIDS Chancroid Chlamydia Condylomata acuminara Genital herpes Gonorrhea Hepatitis B Lymphogranuloma venerum 1º, 2º and 3º syphilis Trichomoniasis ```

How is AIDS manifested?

Oportunitic infections Kaposi sarcoma Lymphoma

Painful genital ulcer characterized by inguinal adenopathy

Chancroid

Who causes Chancroid?

Haemophilus ducreyi

Which types of Chlamydia are Trachomatis?

D-K

These could be the clinical manifestations of Chlamydia

Urethritis, cervicitis, conjuntivits, reactive arthritis, PID

Which disease is characterized by Genital warts?

Condylomata acuminata

Which squamos epithelial cells are from Condylomata acuminata?

Koilocytes

Which viruses cause Genital warts?

HPV-6 and 11

How is Genital herpes manifested?

Painful penile, vulvar or cervical vesicles and ulcers

Which other symptoms can Genital herpes cause?

Fever, headache, myalgia

Who causes Genital herpes?

HSV-2, less common HSV-1

These could be the clinical features of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae infection

Urethritis, cervicitis, PID, prostatitis, epydidymitis, arthritis, creamy purulent discharge

Which is the clinical manifestation of Hepatitis B

Jaundice

Who causes Lymphogranuloma venerum?

C. trachomatis (L1-L3)

How is Lymphogranuloma venerum manifested?

Infection of lymphatics; painless genital ulcers, painful lymphadenopathy (buboes)

Who causes painles chancre?

1º syphilis

This bacteria is responsable for 1º, 2º and 3º syphilis

Treponema pallidum

Which are the clinical features of 2º syphilis?

Fever, lymphadenopathy, skin rashes, condylomata lata

These are the findings in 3º syphilis

Gummasm tables dorsalis, general paresis, aortitis, Argyll Robertson pupil

What can Trichomana vaginalis cause?

Vaginitis, strawberry cervix, motile in wet prep

Which is the most common sexual transmitted disease in USA?

Pelvic inflamatory disease

Which are the principal bugs that cause Pelvic inflamatory disease?

Chlamydia Trachomatis | Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Often undiagnosed, subacute cause of Pelvic inflamatory disease

Chlamydia trachomatis

Acute cause of Pelvic inflamatory disease

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Which are the common findings in Pelvic inflamatory disease?

Cervical motion tenderness | Purulent cervical discharge

What is the name for cervical motion tenderness?

Chandelier sign

Which could be the complications of Pelvic inflamatory disease?

Slapingitis Endometritis Hydrosapinx Tubo' ovarian abscess

What can Pelvic inflamatory disease can lead related to the liver?

Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome

What is Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome?

Infection of the liver capsule and violin string adhesions of peritoneum to liver

Risk factor for ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and adhesions

Salpingitis

Which are the most common microorganisms that cause Nosocomial infections?

``` Candida albicans CMV, RSV E. coli, Proteus mirabilis HBV Legionella Pseudomona aeruginosa ```

This nosocomial bacteria can be acquired by hyperalimentation

Candida albicans

Which viruses can be acquired in newborn nursery?

CMV | RSV

Which bacterias are aquired by urinary catheterization?

E. coli | Proteus mirabilis

Who are the most common causes of nosocomial infections?

E. coli (UTI) and S. aureus (wound infection)

This microorganism can be acquired during work in renal dialysis unit

HBV

Which nosocomial microoganism is aquired by water aerosols?

Legionella

Which bacteria you should thinl when water spurce is involved?

Legionella

Nosocomially how can you acquired Pseudomona aeruginosa infection?

Respiratory therapy equipment

When you should think of pseudomona aeruginosa infection?

When air or burns are involved

In unimmunized children this could be the posible presentations

Dermatologic Neurologic Respiratory

This microorganism is represented by a rash that beggins at head and moving down with posauricular lymphadenopathy

Rubella virus

This microorganism is represented by a rash that beggins at head and moving down, preceded by cough, coryza, conjuntivitism and Koplik spots on buccal mucosa

Measles virus

Which pathogens can be present that cause rash in unimmunized children?

Ribella virus | Measles virus

Which microorganism can cause meningitis in unimmunized children?

H. influenzae type B | Poliovirus

This microbe colonizes nasopharynx and in unimmunized children can cause meningitis

H. influenzae type B

What else can Poliovirus cause in unimmunized children?

Lead to myalgia and paralysis

This is the most common reason of Epiglottitis

H. influenzae type B

How is characterized Epiglottitis?

Fever with dysphagia, drooling and difficulty breathing due to edematous "Cherry red" epligottis

Which is the famous sign found on X ray in case of Epiglottitis?

Thumbprint sign

Which microorganism causes Pharyngitis in unimmunized children?

Corynebacterium diphteriae

Which are the clinical findings in pharyngitis from Corynebacterium diphteriae?

Grayish oropharyngeal exudate (pseudomembranes may obstruct airway) Painful throat

These microorganisms affect principally asplenic patients

Encapsulated microbes

Who are consider encapsulated microorganism?

S.pneumoniae>> H. Influenzae type b> N. Meningitidis

Branching rods in oral infections, sulfur granules

Actinomyces israeli

These type of mycrobes can cause chronic granulamatous disease

Catalase + microbes, especially S. Aureus

Currant jelly sputum

Klebsiella

Obtain by cat or dog bite

Pasteurella multocida

This bacteria can cause Facial nerve palsy

Borrelia burgdorferi

This disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi

Lyme disease

Fungal infection in diabetic or immunocompromised patients

Mucor or Rhizopus spp

This microorganism can be acquired in health care providers from needle sticks

HBV

These pathogens are the most common to affect neutropenic patients

``` Candida albicans (systemic) Aspergillus ```

This microorganism is common in organ transplant recipient

CMV

Who causes whipple disease?

Tropheryma whipplei

Which stain is useful for Tropheryma whipplei?

PAS +

Most common source of pediatric infection

Haemophilus influenzae

This is the most common cause of epiglottitis

H. Influenzae

Causes pneumonia in cystic fibrosis

Pseudomona aeruginosa

Most common microorganism in burn infection

Pseudomona aeruginosa

This bacteria appears with pus, empyema and abscess

S. Aureus

Which microorganisms can cause rash on hands and feet?

Coxsackie A virus Treponema pallidum Rickettsia ricketssi

Most common cause of sepsis/ meningitis in newborn

Group B strep

Most common pathogen in surgical wounds

S. Aureus

Which is the most common microoganism present in traumatic open wound?

Clostridium perfringens