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MICROBIOLOGY > MICROBIOLOGY- Systems > Flashcards

MICROBIOLOGY- Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Most common bacteria found in the skin

A

S. epidermidis

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2
Q

These bacterias are commonly found in Nose

A

S. epidermidis, colonized by S. aureus

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3
Q

This bacteria is the most common in oropharynx

A

Viridians group streptococci

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4
Q

Normal flora in dental plaque

A

S. mutans

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5
Q

Who are the most common bacterias found in Colon?

A

Bacteriodes fragilis > E. coli

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6
Q

Name the most common bacterias in vagina

A

Lactobacillus, colonized by E. coli and group B strep

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7
Q

Which patients have no flora?

A

Neonates delivered by C-section, but are rapidly colonized after birth

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8
Q

These bacterias cause a food poisoning that starts quickly and ends quickly

A

S. aureus and Bacilus cereus

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9
Q

Which food poisoning is related to Bacilus cereus?

A

Reheated rice

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10
Q

This bacteria caused food poisoning and is seen in improperly canned foods

A

C. botulinum

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11
Q

In which food can we see C. perfringens?

A

Reheated meat dishes

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12
Q

This bacteria is commonly found in undercooked meat

A

E. coli O157: H7

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13
Q

Which foods can cause Salmonella infection?

A

Poultry, meat and eggs

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14
Q

Which food S. aureus commonly contaminates?

A

Meats, mayonnaise, custard

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15
Q

In S. aureues structure, what is the cause of food poisoning?

A

Preformed toxin

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16
Q

These bacterias cause food poisoning by contamined seafood

A

V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus

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17
Q

This bacteria is acquired by wound infection from contact with contamined water or shellfish

A

V. vulnificus

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18
Q

Name the commonly bugs causing bloody diarrhea

A 
Campylobacter
E. histolytica
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
Enteroinvasive E. coli
Salmonella
Shigella
Y. enterocolitica
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19
Q

These microorganisms cause watery diarrhea

A 
C. difficile
C. perfringens
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Protozoa
V.  cholerae
Viruses (Rotavirus, norovirus)
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20
Q

In neonates < 4 wk which are the common pathogens causing pneumonia?

A

Group B streptococci

E. coli

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21
Q

In children 4 wk-18 YR which are the common pathogens causing pneumonia?

A 
Viruses (Respiratory Syncytal Virus)
Mycoplasma
C. trachomatis
C, pneumoniae
S. pneumoniae
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22
Q

Who are more common affected by C. trachomatis causing pneumonia?

A

Infants 3 yr

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23
Q

Which pathogen is the most common in school aged children causing pneumonia?

A

C. pneumoniae

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24
Q

For adults (18-40 YR) these are the most common microorganisms that cause pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma
C. pneumoniae
S. pneumoniae

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25
Q

Who are the most common pathogens that cause pneumonia in adults (40-65 YR)?

A 
S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
Anaerobes
Viruses
Mycoplasma
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26
Q

In eldery these are the most common microorganisms that cause pneumonia

A 
S. pneumoniae 
Influenza Virus
Anaerobes
H. influenzae
Gram negative rods
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27
Q

For alcoholic/ IV drug user these are the most common pathogen causing Pneumonia

A

S. pneumoniae, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus

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28
Q

If aspirated these are the common microorganism that cause pneumonia

A

Anaerobes

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29
Q

Consider the microorganisms that cause atypical pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia

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30
Q

In cystic fibrosis, who are the main pathogens causing pneumonia?

A

Pseudomonas
S. aureus
S. pneumoniae

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31
Q

For immninocopromised, these are the main microorganisms that cause pneumonia

A 
Staphylococcus
Enteric gram negative rods
Fungi
Viruses
P. jirovecii (HIV)
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32
Q

These are the most common pathogen hospital acquired (nosocomial)

A

Staphylococcus
Pseudomonas
Other Enteric gram negative rods

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33
Q

Postviral infection this are the most common bacterias causing pneumonia

A

Sthapylococcus
H. influenzar
S. pneumoniae

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34
Q

Which are the most common causes of meningitisin new born (0-6 MO)?

A

Group B streptococci
E. Coli
Listeria

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35
Q

For children (6 MO- 6 YR), these are the most common microorganisms that cause meningitis

A

S. Penumoniae
N meningitidis
H. influenzae type B
Enteroviruses

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36
Q

In patients from6-60 YR, who are the most common pathogen that cause Meningitis?

A

S. pneumoniae
N. meningitidis
Enteroviruses
HSV

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37
Q

Which is the number one microorganism that causes Meningitis in teens?

A

N. Meningitidis

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38
Q

For people older than 60 YR, these are the most common microorganisms that cause Meningitis

A

S. pneumoniae
Grma negative rods
Listeria

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39
Q

If you suspect a case of meningitis, which medicines are given empirically?

A

Ceftriaxone and vancomycin

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40
Q

If you suspect a case of Listeria causing meningitis, which is the treatment?

A

Cefriaxone and vancomycin add ampicillin

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41
Q

Which are the viruses that can cause meningitis?

A 
Enteroviruses (coxsackievirus)
HSV-2
HIV
West Nile virus
VZV
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42
Q

Which is the reason H. influenzae meningitis has decreased?

A

Because of the introduction if conjugate H. influenzae vaccine in last 10-15 years

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43
Q

In whom is more common to see H. influenzae meingitis?

A

Unimmunized children

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44
Q

Which are the parameters searched in Cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Opening pressure
Cell type
Protein
Sugar

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45
Q

If looking for meningitis caused by bacterias which are the expected results in CSF?

A

↑ Opening pressure
↑ PMN
↑ Proteins
↓ Sugar

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46
Q

In case of meningitis caused by fungal/TB which are the expected results in CSF?

A

↑ Opening pressure
↑ lymphocytes
↑ Proteins
↓ Sugar

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47
Q

If you suspect of meningitis caused by virus, which are the expected results in CSF?

A

↑/ Normal Opening pressure
↑ lymphocytes
↑/ Normal Proteins
Normal Sugar

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48
Q

You must assume if no other information is available that this bacteria is the cause of osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus (most common overall)

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49
Q

Which are the risk factor for Osteomyelitis?

A 
Sexually active
Diabetics and IV drug users
Sickle cell
Prosthetic joint replacement
Vertebral involvement
Cant and dog bites
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50
Q

This bacteria is a rare cause of ostemyelitits if the patient is sexually active

A

Neisseria fonorrhoeae, septic arthitis more common

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51
Q

Which bacterias are found in diabetics and IV drug users in osteomyelitis patients?

A

Pseudomona aeruginosa

Serratia

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52
Q

For sickle cell patients this bacteria is related to osteomyelitis

A

Salmonella

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53
Q

After a prosthetic joint replacement, you must suspect these bacterias in case of osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus and S. epidermidis

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54
Q

If you see osteomyelitis with vertebral involvement, you must suspect…

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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55
Q

What is the name of the disease caused by mycobacterium that involves osteomyelitis?

A

Pott disease

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56
Q

This is the recognize bacteria found in osteomyelitis in case of cat and dog bites

A

Pateurella multocida

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57
Q

Which group of age is the most common affected by osteomyelitis?

A

Children

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58
Q

These nonspecific lab test work for osteomyelitis

A

CRP

ESR

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59
Q

Which imaging studies help in the diagnosis of osetomyelitis?

A

Subtle in radiographs

More easily seen on MRI

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60
Q

Which are the findings in patients with cystitis?

A

Dysuria, frequency, urgencym suprapubic pain, and WBCs in urine

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61
Q

Which is the primarily mechanism of acquiring cystitis?

A

Ascension of microbes fro urethra to bladder

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62
Q

In male infants these are reasons of urinary tract infections

A

Congenital defects

Vesicoureteral reflux

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63
Q

In eldery men this is the main reason of Urinary tract infection

A

Enlarged prostate

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64
Q

Which could be the problem if an urinary tract ascends to the kidneys? Which could be the findings in this disease?

A

Pyelonephritis

Fever, chillsm flank pain costovertebral angle tenderness, hematurua and WBC casts

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65
Q

Who are at higher risk for urinary tract infections?

A

Ten times more common in women

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66
Q

This is the main reason why is more comon urinary tract infections in women than in men

A

Shorter urethras colonized by fecal flora

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67
Q

Name other predisposing factor that lead to UTI

A

Obstruction, kidney surgery, catheterization, GU malformation, diabetes and pregnancy

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68
Q

Which are the diagnostic markers for Urinary tract infection?

A

Leukocyte esterase test +

Nitrite test +

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69
Q

What does the leujocyte esterase test + indicates?

A

Bacterial UTI

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70
Q

If nitrite test is positive, what does it means?

A

Gram negative bacterial UTI

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71
Q

In case of urease tests in urine is positive, what do you suspect?

A

Urease producing bugs (Proteus, klebsiella)

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72
Q

If urease test in urine is negative and you have a UTI, which bacterias are the cause?

A

E. coli, Enterococcus

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73
Q

Which bacteria is the leading cause of UTI?

A

Escherichia Coli

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74
Q

Which culture is used for E. Coli?

A

EMB agar

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75
Q

What does the E. Coli agar shows in the EMB agar?

A

green metalic sheen

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76
Q

Consider the 2nd leading cause of UTI

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

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77
Q

In which patients is more common to see staphylococcus saprophyticus?

A

Sexually active women

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78
Q

This bacteria is the third leadin cause of UTI

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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79
Q

Which are characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae?

A

Large mucoid capsule and viscous colonies

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80
Q

These three UTI bacterias are acquired nosocomialy and are drug resistant

A

Serratia marcescens
Enterobacter cloacae
PSeudomona aeruginosa

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81
Q

Some strains of this UTI bacteria produce a red pigment

A

Serratia marcescens

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82
Q

Which UTI bacteria produces swarming on agar?

A

Proteus mirabilis

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83
Q

Why does Proteus mirabilis produces swarming on agar?

A

Because of its Motility

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84
Q

This UTI bacteria is associated with struvite stones

A

Proteus mirabilis

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85
Q

Which UTI bacteria produces blue green pigment and fruit odor?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

86
Q

Who causes the most common vaginal infections?

A

Bacterial vaginosis
Trichomoniasis
Candida vulvovaginitis

87
Q

This vaginal infection curse with no inflamation, thin, white discharge with fishy odor

A

Bacterial vaginosis

88
Q

Which are the lab findings in Bacterial vaginosis?

A

Clue cells

pH >4.5

89
Q

Which is the selected treatment for Bacterial vaginosis?

A

Metronidazole

90
Q

Which are the characteristics of Trichomoniasis in vaginal infection?

A

Inflammation
Frothy, grey green
Foul smeelling discharge

91
Q

Which characteristics are found in Lab test for trichomoniasis?

A

Motile thrichomonads

pH >4.5

92
Q

In case of vaginal infection by Trichomoniasis, which is the recomended treatment?

A

Metronidazole

Treat sexual partner

93
Q

These are the characteristics of Candida vulvovaginitis

A

Inflammation

Thick, white, cottage cheese discharge

94
Q

What is found in lab studies in case of candida vulvovaginitis?

A 
Pseudohyphae
pH normal (4.0-4.5)
95
Q

For Candida vulvovaginitis this is the recomended treatment

96
Q

Who are the agents that cause ToRCHeS infections?

A 
Toxoplasma gondii
Rubella
CMV
HIV
Herpes simplex virus-2 
Syphillis
97
Q

How is acquired ToRCHeS infection?

A

Microbes that may pass from mother to fetus

98
Q

Which are the modes of transmission of ToRCHeS infections?

A

Transplacental in most cases or via delivery (especially HSV-2)

99
Q

Which are non specific signs of ToRCHeS infections?

A

Hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, thrombocytopenia, and growth retardation

100
Q

These are other important infectious agents not included in ToRCHeS

A

Streptococcus agalactie (group B streptococci)
E. coli
Listeria monocytogenes

101
Q

What can Streptococcus agalactie (group B streptococci), E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes cause in the neonate?

A

Meningitis

102
Q

Virus that causes Hydrops fetalis

A

Parvovirus B19

103
Q

Mode of transmission of Toxoplama gondii

A

Cat feces or ingestion of undercooked meat

104
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii infection maternal manifested?

A

Usually asymptomatic lymphadenopathy (rarely)

105
Q

This is the classic triad of Toxoplasma gondi in neonates

A

Chorioretinitis
Hydrocephalus
Intracranial calcifications

106
Q

This is the maternal manifestaion of Rubella

A

Rash, lymphadenopathy, arthritis

107
Q

How is transmitted Rubella?

A

Respiratory droplets

108
Q

In neonates this is the classic triad of Rubella

A

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) or pulmonary artery hypoplasia
Cataracts
Deafness

109
Q

Which sign can be or not present in Rubella patients?

A

Blueberry Muffin rash

110
Q

Which could be the presentation of HIV in maternal patients?

A

Variable depending on CD4+ count

111
Q

Which are the ways of transmission of HIV?

A

Sexual contact, needle stick

112
Q

How is HIV manifested in neonates patients?

A

Recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea

113
Q

In mothers how is manifested Herpes simple virus-2 in mothers?

A

Usally asymptomatic

Herpetic vesicular lesions

114
Q

How is hepres simple virus-2 transmitted?

A

Skin or mucous membrane contacr

115
Q

These are the manifestations in neonanets that adquired Herpes simple virus-2

A

Encephalitis

Herpetic vesicular lessions

116
Q

How is syphilis acquired?

A

Sexual contact

117
Q

Which are the two stages of syphilis that can result in fetal infecion?

A 
Chancre (1º)
Disseminated rash (2º)
118
Q

Which are the common results of syphillis in neonates?

A

Stillbirth

Hydrops fetalis

119
Q

Which could be the results of Syphillis in neonates that survive?

A

Facial abnormalities:
Notched teeth, Saddle nose, short maxilla
Saber shins
CN VIII deafness

120
Q

These microorganisms can cause red rashes of childhood

A 
Coxsackievirus type A
HHV-6 
Measles virus
Parvovirus B19
Rubella virus
Streptococcus pyogenes
VZV
121
Q

This virus causes Hand-Foot-mouth disease

A

Coxsackievirus type A

122
Q

How is Hand-Foot-mouth disease manifested?

A

Vesicular rash on plams and soles

Vesicles and ulcers in oral mucosa

123
Q

Which red rash of childhood can HHV-6 cause?

124
Q

Which are the clinical manifestations of Roseola?

A

A macular rash over body appear after several days of high fever; can present with febrile seizures; ussually affects infants

125
Q

Paramyxovirus that causes red rash of childhood

A

Measles virus

126
Q

How is the clinical evolution of Measles?

A

Rash Beginning at head and moving down

127
Q

Which are the findings that precede the rash in measles

A

Cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and blue white (Koplik) spots on buccal mucosa

128
Q

Who causes Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)?

A

Parvovirus B19

129
Q

Which is the clinical manifestation of Parvovirus B19 of Fifth disease?

A

Slapped cheek rach on face

130
Q

What other presentation can Parvovirus B19 has?

A

Hydrops fetalis in pregnant women

131
Q

Which is the progression of Rubella rash? and which other clinical presentations does it has?

A

Rash begins at head and moves down → Fine truncal rash

Postauricular lymphadenopathy

132
Q

Which rash can Streptococcus pyogenes cause in childhood?

A

Scarlet fever

133
Q

Which is the clinical presentation of Scarlet fever?

A

Erythematous, sandpaper-like rash with fever and sore throat

134
Q

How causes chikenpox?

135
Q

This is the presentation of Chikenpox

A

Vesicular rash begins in trunk

Spreads to face and extremities with lesions of different ages

136
Q

Consider sexually transmitted diseases

A 
AIDS
Chancroid
Chlamydia
Condylomata acuminara
Genital herpes
Gonorrhea
Hepatitis B
Lymphogranuloma venerum
1º, 2º and 3º syphilis
Trichomoniasis
137
Q

How is AIDS manifested?

A

Oportunitic infections
Kaposi sarcoma
Lymphoma

138
Q

Painful genital ulcer characterized by inguinal adenopathy

139
Q

Who causes Chancroid?

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

140
Q

Which types of Chlamydia are Trachomatis?

141
Q

These could be the clinical manifestations of Chlamydia

A

Urethritis, cervicitis, conjuntivits, reactive arthritis, PID

142
Q

Which disease is characterized by Genital warts?

A

Condylomata acuminata

143
Q

Which squamos epithelial cells are from Condylomata acuminata?

A

Koilocytes

144
Q

Which viruses cause Genital warts?

A

HPV-6 and 11

145
Q

How is Genital herpes manifested?

A

Painful penile, vulvar or cervical vesicles and ulcers

146
Q

Which other symptoms can Genital herpes cause?

A

Fever, headache, myalgia

147
Q

Who causes Genital herpes?

A

HSV-2, less common HSV-1

148
Q

These could be the clinical features of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae infection

A

Urethritis, cervicitis, PID, prostatitis, epydidymitis, arthritis, creamy purulent discharge

149
Q

Which is the clinical manifestation of Hepatitis B

150
Q

Who causes Lymphogranuloma venerum?

A

C. trachomatis (L1-L3)

151
Q

How is Lymphogranuloma venerum manifested?

A

Infection of lymphatics; painless genital ulcers, painful lymphadenopathy (buboes)

152
Q

Who causes painles chancre?

A

1º syphilis

153
Q

This bacteria is responsable for 1º, 2º and 3º syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

154
Q

Which are the clinical features of 2º syphilis?

A

Fever, lymphadenopathy, skin rashes, condylomata lata

155
Q

These are the findings in 3º syphilis

A

Gummasm tables dorsalis, general paresis, aortitis, Argyll Robertson pupil

156
Q

What can Trichomana vaginalis cause?

A

Vaginitis, strawberry cervix, motile in wet prep

157
Q

Which is the most common sexual transmitted disease in USA?

A

Pelvic inflamatory disease

158
Q

Which are the principal bugs that cause Pelvic inflamatory disease?

A

Chlamydia Trachomatis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

159
Q

Often undiagnosed, subacute cause of Pelvic inflamatory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

160
Q

Acute cause of Pelvic inflamatory disease

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

161
Q

Which are the common findings in Pelvic inflamatory disease?

A

Cervical motion tenderness

Purulent cervical discharge

162
Q

What is the name for cervical motion tenderness?

A

Chandelier sign

163
Q

Which could be the complications of Pelvic inflamatory disease?

A

Slapingitis
Endometritis
Hydrosapinx
Tubo’ ovarian abscess

164
Q

What can Pelvic inflamatory disease can lead related to the liver?

A

Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome

165
Q

What is Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome?

A

Infection of the liver capsule and violin string adhesions of peritoneum to liver

166
Q

Risk factor for ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and adhesions

A

Salpingitis

167
Q

Which are the most common microorganisms that cause Nosocomial infections?

A 
Candida albicans
CMV, RSV
E. coli, Proteus mirabilis
HBV
Legionella
Pseudomona aeruginosa
168
Q

This nosocomial bacteria can be acquired by hyperalimentation

A

Candida albicans

169
Q

Which viruses can be acquired in newborn nursery?

170
Q

Which bacterias are aquired by urinary catheterization?

A

E. coli

Proteus mirabilis

171
Q

Who are the most common causes of nosocomial infections?

A

E. coli (UTI) and S. aureus (wound infection)

172
Q

This microorganism can be acquired during work in renal dialysis unit

173
Q

Which nosocomial microoganism is aquired by water aerosols?

A

Legionella

174
Q

Which bacteria you should thinl when water spurce is involved?

A

Legionella

175
Q

Nosocomially how can you acquired Pseudomona aeruginosa infection?

A

Respiratory therapy equipment

176
Q

When you should think of pseudomona aeruginosa infection?

A

When air or burns are involved

177
Q

In unimmunized children this could be the posible presentations

A

Dermatologic
Neurologic
Respiratory

178
Q

This microorganism is represented by a rash that beggins at head and moving down with posauricular lymphadenopathy

A

Rubella virus

179
Q

This microorganism is represented by a rash that beggins at head and moving down, preceded by cough, coryza, conjuntivitism and Koplik spots on buccal mucosa

A

Measles virus

180
Q

Which pathogens can be present that cause rash in unimmunized children?

A

Ribella virus

Measles virus

181
Q

Which microorganism can cause meningitis in unimmunized children?

A

H. influenzae type B

Poliovirus

182
Q

This microbe colonizes nasopharynx and in unimmunized children can cause meningitis

A

H. influenzae type B

183
Q

What else can Poliovirus cause in unimmunized children?

A

Lead to myalgia and paralysis

184
Q

This is the most common reason of Epiglottitis

A

H. influenzae type B

185
Q

How is characterized Epiglottitis?

A

Fever with dysphagia, drooling and difficulty breathing due to edematous “Cherry red” epligottis

186
Q

Which is the famous sign found on X ray in case of Epiglottitis?

A

Thumbprint sign

187
Q

Which microorganism causes Pharyngitis in unimmunized children?

A

Corynebacterium diphteriae

188
Q

Which are the clinical findings in pharyngitis from Corynebacterium diphteriae?

A

Grayish oropharyngeal exudate (pseudomembranes may obstruct airway)
Painful throat

189
Q

These microorganisms affect principally asplenic patients

A

Encapsulated microbes

190
Q

Who are consider encapsulated microorganism?

A

S.pneumoniae» H. Influenzae type b> N. Meningitidis

191
Q

Branching rods in oral infections, sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israeli

192
Q

These type of mycrobes can cause chronic granulamatous disease

A

Catalase + microbes, especially S. Aureus

193
Q

Currant jelly sputum

A

Klebsiella

194
Q

Obtain by cat or dog bite

A

Pasteurella multocida

195
Q

This bacteria can cause Facial nerve palsy

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

196
Q

This disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Lyme disease

197
Q

Fungal infection in diabetic or immunocompromised patients

A

Mucor or Rhizopus spp

198
Q

This microorganism can be acquired in health care providers from needle sticks

199
Q

These pathogens are the most common to affect neutropenic patients

A 
Candida albicans (systemic) 
Aspergillus
200
Q

This microorganism is common in organ transplant recipient

201
Q

Who causes whipple disease?

A

Tropheryma whipplei

202
Q

Which stain is useful for Tropheryma whipplei?

203
Q

Most common source of pediatric infection

A

Haemophilus influenzae

204
Q

This is the most common cause of epiglottitis

A

H. Influenzae

205
Q

Causes pneumonia in cystic fibrosis

A

Pseudomona aeruginosa

206
Q

Most common microorganism in burn infection

A

Pseudomona aeruginosa

207
Q

This bacteria appears with pus, empyema and abscess

208
Q

Which microorganisms can cause rash on hands and feet?

A

Coxsackie A virus
Treponema pallidum
Rickettsia ricketssi

209
Q

Most common cause of sepsis/ meningitis in newborn

A

Group B strep

210
Q

Most common pathogen in surgical wounds

211
Q

Which is the most common microoganism present in traumatic open wound?

A

Clostridium perfringens

MICROBIOLOGY (8 decks)

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