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UWorld Facts > Microbiology UWorld Facts 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology UWorld Facts 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine is composed of . . .

A

polyribosyl-ribitol-phosphate

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2
Q

Mucormycosis

A

opportunistic infection caused by Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia species
classic picture: paranasal sinus involvement in a diabetic or immunosuppressed person
fungi: non-septate hyphae at 90 degree angles

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3
Q

ID50 for shigella species

A

S. dysenteriae - 10
S. flexneri - 100
S. sonnei - 500
Bottom line: very few needed to infect person

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4
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans - description

A

budding yeast with thick capsules

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5
Q

Candida albicans - description

A

budding yeast with pseudohyphae

positive germ tube test - inoculation in serum, form true hyphae

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6
Q

Enterococcus - growth conditions

A

grows in HYPERTONIC SALINE and BILE

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7
Q

most common eye-related complication of congenital CMV infection

A

chorioretinitis

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8
Q

Screening test for syphillis - RPR

A

rapid plasma reagin test - patient serum mixed with solution of cadriolipin, cholesterol and lecithin - flocculation is positive

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9
Q

Causes of candida vaginitis

A
  1. Antibiotic use - MOST COMMON - decreases gram + lactobacilli bacteria in vagina
  2. high estrogen levels
  3. systemic corticosteroid therapy
  4. uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
  5. immunosuppression
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10
Q

Pulmonary actinomycosis

A

commonly develops following aspiration

microscopic findings: filamentous, branching, gram + bacteria and sulfur granules

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11
Q

Viridans Strep - virulence

A

produces dextrans - colonizes dental enamel and heart valves

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12
Q

Red on MUCICARMINE staining

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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13
Q

5 most common CATALASE POSITIVE organisms (CGD)

A 
S. aureas
Serratia
Nocardia
Aspergillus
Burkholderia cepacia
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14
Q

Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Saline microscopy (WET MOUNT) - motile trichomonads

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15
Q

C. diphtheriae - culture

A

cysteine-tellurite agar

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16
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum - geography

A

Mississippi and Ohio River basin - central US

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17
Q

Vibrio cholerae - description

A

comma-shaped
oxidase positive
gram-negative bacillus

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18
Q

Infectious cause of achalasia

A

Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease) - produces neurotoxin that destroys the myenteric plexus - parasympathetic denervation of smooth muscle cells

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19
Q

Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis follows . . .

A

streptococcal skin infections (impetigo) OR strep throat

ARF only follows after strep throat

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20
Q

Hep A transmission

A

FECAL-ORAL - contaminated water or food

raw or steamed SHELLFISH is common cause in US

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21
Q

HSV-1 - clinical findings

A

gingivostomatitis - vesicular lesions on lips and hard palate

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22
Q

Herpes viruses - structure

A

double-stranded, DNA viruses

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23
Q

Cryptococcal neoformans - treatment

A

Amphotericin B and flucytosine, followed by long term fluconazole

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24
Q

Congenital Rubella syndrome triad

A

congenital cataracts (white pupils)
sensory neural deafness
patent ductus arteriosus

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25
Q

Shiga toxin (Shiga-like toxin in EHEC) - MOA

A

inactivates ribosomal subunits - prevents protein synthesis —> leads to intestinal epithelial cell death and diarrhea (bloody)

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26
Q

stool findings in watery diarrhea

A

mucous and sloughed epithelial cells

NOT inflammatory - WILL NOT SEE RED BLOOD CELLS OR LEUKOCYTES

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27
Q

Parovirus - structure

A

non-enveloped, single stranded DNA virus

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28
Q

PYR (pyrroidonyl arylamidase) positive organisms

A

GAS - strep pyogenes

Enterococci

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29
Q

Diphtheria vaccine targets:

A

B subunit of AB exotoxin - induces circulating IgG against B subunit

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30
Q

Most important virulence factor of E. coli causing UTIs

A

P. fimbriae - allows adhesion to uroepithelium

31
Q

Most important virulence factor E. coli strains causing neonatal meningitis

A

K1 capsular polysaccharide

32
Q

Hot tub folliculitis

A

Pseudomonas

pruritic, papulopustular rash

33
Q

Rabies - animal of transmission

A

Bats

34
Q

Risk factors for candidemia

A

central vascular catheter

parenteral nutrition

35
Q

Listeria - description

A

gram + rod
narrow zone of Beta-hemolysis
motile at 22 degrees
can grow in cold conditions (4 degree fridge)

36
Q

How to eliminate listeria from body?

A

Cell mediated immunity

37
Q

Most common cause of aseptic meningitis

A

Enterovirus

38
Q

intraerythrocytic organisms

A

Plasmodium - Anopheles mosquito - Malaria

Babesia - Ixodes tick (same as in lyme disease) - Babesiosis

39
Q

Human herpes virus 6 - Roseola infantum - clinical presentation

A

high fever for 3-5 days, RASH AFTER FEVER - erythematous maculopapular rash that starts at TRUNK and spreads to face and extremities

40
Q

Hepatitis E - structure

A

non-enveloped single stranded RNA virus

41
Q

Hepatitis E - most concerning feature

A

high mortality rate observed in PREGNANT women

42
Q

Scabies - rash description

A
  • pruritic rash worse at night
  • excoriations with small, crusted red papules scattered around affected areas
  • affects FLEXOR SURFACES of wrists, elbows, axillary folds, fingers and finger webs
43
Q

Neiserria Meningitidis - transmission

A

Respiratory droplets or direct contact with respiratory secretions

44
Q

How does chronic Hep B infection help Hep D infection?

A

Hep D is COATED BY HEP B SURFACE ANTIGEN before it can penetrate hepatocytes

45
Q

CMV in HIV - clinical signs

A

Esophageal ulcers

Retinitis

46
Q

Campylobacter jejuni - transmission

A

ORAL-FECAL

- can be acquired from domestic animals or contaminated food

47
Q

Parvovirus B19 - clinical presentation

A

febrile upper respiratory illness followed by sudden RED-FLUSHED CHEEKS 2-5 days later (erythema infectiosum)

48
Q

Drugs for Pseudomonas

A 
Piperacillin
CefTAZidine - 3rd gen cephalosporin
Cefepime - 4th gen cephalosporin
aminoglycosides
cephalosporins - CIPRO and LEVO
Carbapenems - IMIPENEM and MEROPENEM
49
Q

Fidamoxicin - use

A

Recurrent C. diff colitis

50
Q

Togavirus

A

Rubella

51
Q

Rubella - rash

A

Begin at head and move down - associated with post-auricular lymphadenopathy

52
Q

How to prevent recurrences of HSV-2 (genital herpes)

A

DAILY treatment of oral valacyclovir, acyclovir, or famciclovir

53
Q

Maternal Rubella infection - clinical presentation

A

fever, maculopapular rash - starts from head, then moves down, post auricular lymphadenopathy, POLYARTHRITIS, POLYARTHRALGIAS

54
Q

HSV-1 encephalitis - brain findings

A

NECROSIS OF TEMPORAL LOBES

55
Q

HIV pol gene mutations confer resistance too which kinds of HAART drugs?

A

HIV RT inhibitors and protease inhibitors

56
Q

Salmonella - Vi antigen

A

prevents phagocytosis and opsonization - EXOTOXIN

57
Q

route of travel in body by tetanus toxin

A

wound —> motor neuron axons —> spinal cord

58
Q

Pulmonary anthrax - question stem clue

A

“wool sorter’s disease” - from sheep or goat skin - FARM

exposure to handling animal products: animal hair, infected animal hides, hide based clothing products, or WOOL

59
Q

B. anthracis anti-phagocytic capsule is made out of:

A

polypeptide capsule made from D-glutamate (instead of polysaccharide capsule) - only one

60
Q

C. perfringens toxin

A

lecithinase (phospholipase C or alpha toxin) - catalyzes the splitting of phospholipid molecules

61
Q

How does Mycoplasma infection cause anemia?

A

Mycoplasma shares antigens with human erythrocytes - elevated levels of IgM “cold agglutinins” cross-react with RBCs causing complement mediated intravascular hemolytic anemia

62
Q

What to use for diagnosis of osteomyelitis?

A

MRI - for acute infection and to show anatomical involvement

63
Q

Infections that can be acquired during birth

A
  • HSV
  • Chlamydia
  • N. gonorrhea
  • Group B strep
64
Q

Congenital toxoplasmosis - clinical presentation (TRIAD)

A
  • hydrocephalus
  • intracranial calcifications
  • chorioretinitis
65
Q

HPV in males causes what kind of cancer?

A

Anal squamous cell carcinoma

66
Q

HPV in females causes what kind of cancer?

A

Cervical squamous cell carcinoma

67
Q

Shigella - pathogenic mechanism

A

MUCOSAL INVASION
- INVADES M CELLS of Peyer’s patch —> lyses containment vacuole —> gets into cytoplasm —> induce apoptosis of host cell —> spreads to other cells through HOST CELL ACTIN POLYMERIZATION

68
Q

C. diphtheriae - description

A
  • Gram positive rods in CLUMPS

- has polar granules that stain deeply with aniline dyes

69
Q

C. diphtheriae - passive immunization

A

Anti-toxin

70
Q

C. diphtheriae - active immunization

A

DTaP vaccine

71
Q

C. diphtheriae - antibiotic treatment

A

Penicillin or Erythromycin

72
Q

Malignant otitis externa

A

bug: Pseudomonas
people: diabetic patients
clinal presentation: exquisite ear pain and drainage, GRANULATION TISSUE in ear canal

73
Q

Herpes viruses - structure

A

ENVELOPED double-stranded DNA virus

UWorld Facts (12 decks)

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