Microbiology (U3)

Question 1

Microbiology definition?

Answer 1

Study of MOs
- Too small for naked eye
- Effects of large numbers often visible

Question 2

Five MO categories?

Answer 2

Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, parasite, virus

Question 3

Two MO categories?

Answer 3

Normal flora (resident), pathogenic (disease causing)

Question 4

What are the three ways MOs cause disease?

Answer 4

1. Use nutrients needed by cells and tissues
2. Damage cells directly (destroying/reproducing inside cells)
3. Produce toxins

• Diseases are localized/become systemic
• Direct/indirect contact (transmission)

Question 5

How MOs cause problems

Answer 5

When pathogenic in nature/displaced from natural environment, can cause inflection/disease

Question 6

Disease defintion?

Answer 6

Any deviation from health disruption of tissues/organs

Question 7

Infection definition?

Answer 7

Condition where pathogenic microbes penetrate host’s defense enter tissues and multiplies

Question 8

What are infection and disease caused by?

Answer 8

Caused by microbes/their products (infectious disease)

Question 9

Two factors in development of an infection?

Answer 9

True pathogen and opportunistic pathogen

Question 10

True pathogen definition?

Answer 10

Capable of causing disease in a healthy person with normal immune defenses

Question 11

Opportunitistc pathogen definition?

Answer 11

Causes disease when the host’s defenses are compromised/when they grow in part of the body that is not normal to them

Question 12

What are patterns of infection?

Answer 12

Localized, systemic, focal and mixed, primary, secondary, and acute and chronic

Question 13

What is a localized infection?

Answer 13

Microbes enter the body, remain confined to specific tissue

Question 14

What is a systemic infection?

Answer 14

Infection spreads to several sites within a system

Question 15

What is a focal infection?

Answer 15

Infectious agent breaks loose from local infection then carried to other tissue

Question 16

What is a mixed infection?

Answer 16

Several microbes grow simultaneously at infection site (polymicrobial)

Question 17

What is a primary infection?

Answer 17

Initial infection

Question 18

What is a secondary infection?

Answer 18

Another infection by a different microbe

Question 19

What is an acute infection?

Answer 19

Rapid with severe but short lived effects

Question 20

What is a chronic infection?

Answer 20

Progresses and persist over a long period of time

Question 21

Signs definition?

Answer 21

Objective evidence (quantitative, visual)

Question 22

Symptoms definition?

Answer 22

Subjective evidence (felt)

Question 23

What are the signs of infection in the blood?

Answer 23

Changes in the number of WBCs circling the blood

Question 24

Leukocytosis definition?

Answer 24

Increase in WBCs

Question 25

Septicemia definition?

Answer 25

MOs are multiplying in the blood and present in large numbers

Question 26

Two types of septicemia?

Answer 26

Bacteremia and viremia

Question 27

What is bacteremia?

Answer 27

Small numbers of bacteria present in the blood, not necessarily multiplying

Question 28

What is viremia?

Answer 28

Small numbers of viruses present in the blood, not necessarily multiplying

Question 29

What is the persistence of mircrobes?

Answer 29

Apparent host recovery does not mean microbes are removed (latency, chronic carrier, sequalae)

Question 30

Latency definition?

Answer 30

After initial symptoms in certain chronic conditions, microbes can become periodically active and produce recurrent disease
- Person may or may not shed it during latent stage

Question 31

Chronic carrier definition?

Answer 31

Person with latent infection who sheds infectious agent

Question 32

Sequalae definition?

Answer 32

Long term/permanent damage to tissue/organs

Question 33

What are the three types of living reservoirs?

Answer 33

Carrier, asymptomatic, passive

Question 34

Carrier definition?

Answer 34

Person who harbours pathogens and spreads it to others, may or may not have had the disease

Question 35

Three types of asymptomatic carriers?

Answer 35

Incubation, covalescent and chronic

Question 36

What is incubation asymptomatic?

Answer 36

Spreads the infectious agent during incubation period

Question 37

What is convalescent asymptomatic?

Answer 37

Recuperating without symptoms

Question 38

What is chronic asymptomatic?

Answer 38

Individual who shelters infectious agent for a long time

Question 39

Passive carrier definition?

Answer 39

Contaminated HCP picks up pathogens and transfers them to other patients

Question 40

What measures frequency of cases?

Answer 40

Prevalence, incidence, mortality rate, morbidity rate

Question 41

Prevalence definition?

Answer 41

Total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population (usually a percentage of a population)

Question 42

Incidence definition?

Answer 42

Measures the number of new cases over a certain time period (compared with general healthy population)

Question 43

Mortality rate definition?

Answer 43

Total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease

Question 44

Morbidity rate definition?

Answer 44

Number of people afflicted with a certain disease

Question 45

What are the patterns of disease?

Answer 45

Endemic, sporadic, epidemic, pandemic

Question 46

Endemic definition?

Answer 46

Disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a specific geographic locale

Question 47

Sporadic definition?

Answer 47

When occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals

Question 48

Epidemic definition?

Answer 48

When prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond expected

Question 49

Pandemic definition?

Answer 49

Epidemic across countries, declared by WHO