Immune System

Question 1

Immune system definition?

Answer 1

Body’s defense against disease causing organisms, malfunctioning cells and foreign particles

Question 2

Immunity definition?

Answer 2

‘Free from burden’, ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against specific pathogens/antigens

Question 3

Immune response

Answer 3

Third line of defense, involves production of antibodies and generation of specialized lymphocytes against specific antigens

Question 4

Antigen definition?

Answer 4

Molecules from a foreign organism/pathogen that provide a specific immune response

Question 5

Non specific defense mechanisms?

Answer 5

First and second line

Question 6

Specific defense mechanisms?

Answer 6

Third line

Question 7

What is part of the first line?

Answer 7

Skin, mucous membranes, secretion of skin/mucous membranes

Question 8

What is part of the second line?

Answer 8

Phagocyte WBCs, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response

Question 9

What is part of the third liine?

Answer 9

Lymphocytes, antibodies

Question 10

What are the two divisions of the immune system?

Answer 10

Cell mediated response and humoral/antibody mediated response

Question 11

What is cell mediated response?

Answer 11

First and (mostly) second line. Efforts of WBCs (phagocytes, T cells etc), but mostly T cells. Happens when pathogenic cells are identified

Question 12

What is humoral response?

Answer 12

Third line. Controlled by antibodies

Question 13

What is part of the first line?

Answer 13

Skin, mucus and cilia, saliva, stomach acid

Question 14

Skin’s role?

Answer 14

Forms a shield against invaders and secretes chemicals, killing potential invaders (dead, out layer of skin is the epidermis)

Question 14

Mucus and cilia role?

Answer 14

Foreign particles get trapped in mucus lining respiratory system, cilia sweeps mucus into the throat to cough/sneeze

Question 15

Saliva role?

Answer 15

Contains many chemical, breaking down bacteria

Question 16

Stomach acid role?

Answer 16

Pathogens broken down by stomach acid

Question 17

What is part of the second line?

Answer 17

WBCs, inflammatory response

Question 18

WBC’s role?

Answer 18

Attacks invaders within the body
- Normally circulates the bloodstream, enters tissue if invaders detected
- Phagocytes: Eat foreign particles by engulfing them (uses lysosomes)
- T cells: Recognizes infected human cells, attacks and kills them, then continues to find other cells to kill (some= natural killers)

Question 19

Inflammatory response role?

Answer 19

Injured body cells release histamine to begin inflammatory response
- Capillaries dilate, and pyrogens (circles blood) are release to the hypothalamus (causes temperatures to rise)
- Pain receptors activate, WBCs rush to the area

Question 20

What is part of the third line?

Answer 20

Antibodies

Question 21

Antibodies’ role?

Answer 21

Proteins latch onto, slow down, damage, and clump foreign particles (that get past the first/second line). Triggers the release and production of antibodies, each one has a specific binding site (antigen)

Question 22

What is the antibody production?

Answer 22

WBCs engulf and break up invading particles, showing them to T cells that identify them, and find B cells to help. They produce antibodies and find antigen to attack on a new particle

Question 23

What are the five immunoglobin/antibodies and what do they do/what are their traits?

Answer 23

IgA- high concentration in mucous membranes
IgG- found in all body fluids (most common)
IgM- first to be made by the body to fight a new infection
IgE- allergic reaction
IgD- small amounts in blood

Question 24

What is innate/genetic immunity?

Answer 24

Born with it, genetically determined

Question 25

What is acquired immunity?

Answer 25

Immunity an organism develops during a lifetime

Question 26

What are the types of acquired immunity?

Answer 26

Naturally acquired active immunity and naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 27

What are the types of artificially acquired immunity?

Answer 27

Artificially acquired active immunity and artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 28

What are naturally acquired immunities?

Answer 28

Obtained in the course of daily life

Question 29

What are artificially acquired immunities?

Answer 29

Obtained via vaccine/immune serum

Question 30

What is naturally acquired active immunity?

Answer 30

Antigens/pathogens enter the body naturally, and the body generates immune response to antigens (immunity may be life long)

Question 31

What is naturally acquired passive immunity?

Answer 31

Antibodies pass from mother to fetus (placenta/breastfeeding), protection till the child’s immune system develops (short lived immunity, usually weeks to months)

Question 32

What is artificially acquired active immunity?

Answer 32

Antigens are introduced via vaccines and the body generates immune response to antigens (immunity can be life long)

Question 33

What is artificially acquired passive immunity?

Answer 33

Performed antibodies introduced into the body via injections (short lived)

Question 34

List and explain (briefly) 6 nonspecific defenses

Answer 34

Species: Species specific disease

Mechanical: Coverings of the body, provides a barrier

Chemical: Enzymes/chemicals providing a barrier (destroys pathogens)

Phagocytes: WBCs

Fever: Elevated body temperature, iron is removed from blood (nutrients for some pathogens)

Inflammation: Happens to an injured/infected part of the body

Question 35

What is another name for an antigen?

Answer 35

Foreign substance in a body

Question 36

What are other names for nonspecific and specific

Answer 36

Innate immunity and immunities