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Medicine Unit 3 > Microbiology pathogenicity: bacteria > Flashcards

Microbiology pathogenicity: bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

why is microbiology important in medicine

A

microbial infections are associated with significant mortality and morbidity
infection is a global problem
antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem with some infections now untreatable with antibiotics
20% of prescriptions are for antibiotics

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2
Q

single-celled bacterial morphologies

A

each cell is separate, each has independent ability to survive and reproduce
large variety in cell shapes
2 most common are cocci and rod-shaped

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3
Q

cocci shape

A

round cells

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4
Q

rod-shaped cells

A

bacilli

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5
Q

monococcus

A

single cells

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6
Q

diplococcus

A

paired cells

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7
Q

staphylococcus

A

grouped cells

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8
Q

streptococcus

A

chained cells

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9
Q

name of a single rod-shaped bacteria

A

bacillus

they also form groups/clusters and chains

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10
Q

components of a bacterial cell

A

plasma membrane
cell wall
cytoplasm
nucleoid
plasmids
ribosomes
capsule
flagella
fimbriae
endospore

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11
Q

label the spore outside to inside

A

exosporium: adherence and biocide protection
coat: resistance
outermsmbrane: permeability barrier to biocides
cortex: resistance to biocides
germ cell wall
inner membrane: impermeability to biocides
core: resistance to heat, UV radiation, gamma radiation, hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde and other biocides

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12
Q

which is the left picture and which is the right

A

left is gram-negative, double membrane so more difficult to transport
right is gram-positive
spaces are peroplasmic space

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13
Q

what is the spores coat resistant to

A

peroxynitrile
hydrogen peroxide
lysozyme
hydrochlorite
ozone
other biocides
mechanical resistance§

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14
Q

how do spores impact on infection control

A

important vehicles for transmission
have an impact on treatment
make control of spread more difficult

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15
Q

sequence of treatment of infectious disease diagnosis and control

A

observe patient, symptoms
sampling
laboratory observation and culture
identification tests
treatment e.g. antibiotic therapy
observation of population (epidemiology)
prevention of transmission

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16
Q

disease

A

disturbance in the state of heath wherein the body can’t carry out all normal functions

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17
Q

infectious disease

A

due to infection by pathogenic microorganisms

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18
Q

infections

A

invasion by and multiplication of a pathogenic microbe within or on a host

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19
Q

contamination

A

the presence of microbes in a location/environment

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20
Q

Koch’s postulates, proving a microbial cause

A

the specific causative agent must be observed in every case of the disease
agent must be isolated from a diseased host and grown in pure culture
when agent is inoculated into healthy but susceptible, hosts the agent must cause the same disease
agent must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased host and identified s identical to the original specific causative agent

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21
Q

infections in sinuses/nose

A

strep pneumoniae
h influenza
MRSA
rhinovirus

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22
Q

infections in outer ear

A

staphylococci
streplococci
pseudomonas

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23
Q

infections in inner ear

A

streptococci
haemophilius

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24
Q

infections in throat

A

candida
strep pyogenes
MRSA
viruses e.g. adenovirus

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25
Q

infections in lungs

A

strep pneumoniae
h influenza
staphylococcus aureus
gram-negative organisms
tuberculosis

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26
Q

infections in liver

A

viral hepatitis

27
Q

infections in kidney/bladder

A

gram-negative organisms from gut

28
Q

infections in cannula sites/moist skin

A

MRSA
streptococci
fungi e.g. yeasts or candida

29
Q

infections in CNS

A

meningococcus
strep pneumoniae
h influenza
viruses: enterovirus and h simplex

30
Q

infections in mouth

A

staphylococci
streptococci
anaerobic organisms: bacteroides

31
Q

infections in heart valves

A

e.g. endocarditis

haemolytic streptococcus
staphylococcus
yeasts

32
Q

infections in the blood

A

e.g. septicaemia
staphylococcus aureus
e coli
malaria
dengue
meningococcus

33
Q

infections in the large and small intestine

A

gram negative: e coli, klebsiella,campylobacter,salmonella
C. difficile
bacteroides/anaerobes

34
Q

infections in the joints

A

staphylococci
streptococci
n.gonorrhoea
haemophilius in children

35
Q

infections in the bones

A

staphylococci
salmonella
streptococci

36
Q

what is an infection

A

iceberg concept

severe symptoms
mild symptoms
infection but no symptoms
exposure but no symptoms

37
Q

stages of disease progression

A

encounter
entry/establishment
spread
multiplication
damage
outcome

38
Q

the disease process: stages 1 and 2

A

transmission and exposure

39
Q

what does successful transmission and exposure depend on

A

more microbes the better
airborne: size.density,surface features
waterborne: density, surface features, hydrophobicity
contact: resistance to dessication, spore formation, adhesion tosurfaces
distribution on host: into cuts, digestive system, GI system, lungs
vectors

40
Q

disease process stages 3 and 4

A

adherence and invasion

41
Q

critical stages in disease success

A

adhesion depends on microbe and host features
invasion depends om break in surface layers or on active procedures from microbe
motility and chemotaxis
attachment often via pili or non-fimbrial adhesions
penetration of epithelial/ cells
capsules may allow survival inside phagocytes
virulent bacteria may inject epithelium cells with molecules to change surface features

42
Q

stages 5 and 6 of the disease process

A

colonisation and tissue damage

43
Q

consequences of disease

A

growth in tissues requires cells to resist host responses
may have to neutralise
growth also requires appropriate nutrients, some have limited or specific nutrients which slow or enhance microbial growth
tissue damage results from host cell death, accumulation of toxins and tissue degradation

44
Q

normal flora

A

commensal flora
organisms living in benign symbiosis with the host
e.g. e.coli, lactic acid bacteria, staph aureus, candida yeast
some may be pathogenic but unable to enter disease process, lack attachment to suitable surface

45
Q

host defence/disease resistance

A

surface defences
cellular defenses
inflammation
cytokines
complement system
immunity

46
Q

pathgenicity

A

ability of a pathogen to produce an infectious disease in an organism

47
Q

virulence

A

relative degree of damage done by a pathogen
or the degree of pathogenicity of a pathogen

48
Q

virulence/pathogenicity factor

A

microbial product or strategy that contributes to virulence or pathogenicity

49
Q

molecule determinants of pathogenicity

A

attachment to host tissues
production and delivery of various factor
replication and evasion of immunity
damage to host tissues

50
Q

LD50

A

lethal dose of microbes toxin that will kill 50% of experimentally inoculated test animal

51
Q

ID50

A

infectious dose required to cause disease in 50% of inoculated test animals

52
Q

which proteins to bacteria employ

A

adhesins
attach to host tissues, usually located on the ends of fimbriae
can consist of glycocalyx

53
Q

capsules

A

prevent phagocytosis
attachment
streptococcus pneumoniae
klebsiella pneumoniae
haemophilus influenzae
bacillus anthracis
streptococcus mutans

54
Q

what is in the image

A

alpha hemolytic streptococci

secret hemolysins that cause the incomplete lysis of RBCs

55
Q

what is in the image

A

beta hemolytic streptococci

secrete hemolysins that cause the complete lysis of RBCs

56
Q

C. Coagulase

A

cause blood to coagulate
blood clots protect bacteria from phagocytosis from WBCs and other host defences
staphylococcus aureus are often coagulase positive

fibrinogen to fibrin (clot)

57
Q

F. collagenase

A

breaks down collagen which is found in many connective tissues
clostridium perfringens- gas gangrene
uses this to spread through tissues

58
Q

what is in the image

A

tissue damage caused by microbial enzymes of clostridium perfringens

59
Q

toxins

A

poisonous substances produced by microorgansims
they’re a primary factor for pathogenicity
220 bacterial toxins that are known, 40% of which cause disease by damaging the eukaryotic cell membrane

60
Q

toxemia

A

toxins in the blood stream

61
Q

toxigenicity

A

capacity of micro-organisms to produce toxins

62
Q

two types of toxins

A

exotoxins
endotoxins

63
Q

exotoxins

A

produced inside mostly gram positive bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism
released into the surrounding medium

64
Q

endotoxins

A

part of the outer portion of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria
liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart

Medicine Unit 3 (28 decks)

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