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Medicine Unit 3 > Clinical Immunology > Flashcards

Clinical Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer therapy

A

Antibodies against regulators of the immune response turn the immune system into overdrive
T cells with genetically engineered antigen receptors that target them to cancer cells

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2
Q

Autoinflammatory/autoimmune

A

Damage to self

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3
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

Greater susceptibility to infection/cancer

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4
Q

Two types of immunodeficiency

A

Primary
Secondary

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5
Q

Primary immunodeficiency

A

From birth
Due to genetic mutations

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6
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency

A

Generally not from birth
Due to environmental factors
-HIV/AIDS
-chemotherapy
-severe malnutrition

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7
Q

Primary immunodeficiency patients

A

Human gene knockouts
Studied to reveal role of individual components of immune system

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8
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency

A

Bubble babies
No t or b cells
No adaptive immunity
One Cause is a loss of function muterions in RAG gene required for somatic recombination

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9
Q

Neutropenia

A

Common clinical presentation
Type of secondary immunodeficiency
Neutrophils produced in bone marrow
Circulate for 8-24 hours
Can occur due to diseases of bone marrow, radiation, chemo, caused by certain infections and autoimmune diseases

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10
Q

What is neutropenia associated with

A

Opportunistic infections
S. Aureus
E.coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Aspergillus fumigatus

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11
Q

Clinical presentation of neutropenia

A

Rapid onset fever and sometimes sepsis
Abscesses
Dental infections
Peri-anal infection
Sinusitis
Tonsillitis/pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Mild fever

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12
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

HIV hi jacks components of immune system in initial phase of infection
As it spreads, infection and destruction of CD4 T cell compartment contributed to persistence of infection and culminates in immunodeficiency
HIV infects host cell binding to CD4+ and CXCR4/CCR5 in mucosal tissue
Infected tissue dendritic cells and T cells migrate to lymph node where further viral replication and spread can occur

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13
Q

How are CD4 T cells central controllers of adaptive immunity

A

Loss of T cell help via th1 and th17 limits effectiveness of innate immune
Loss of b cell help and control causes failure of antibody responses
Loss of help for anti-viral and anti-tumour CD8+ T cells
Loss of T cell regulation can result in autoimmunity

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14
Q

Opportunistic infection presentation

A

Candida
CMV
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Toxoplasmosis
Cryptococcus
Cryptosporidiosis
Severe herpes zoster

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15
Q

Loss of b cell function presentation

A

Pneumonia
Salmonella

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16
Q

Loss of Th1 function

A

Mycobacterium

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17
Q

Loss of T cell anti tumour function

A

Non-hodgkins lymphoma
Kaposis sarcoma

18
Q

Loss of T cell regulation presentation

A

Autoimmune disease e.g. ITP especially with HAART
High immunoglobulins

19
Q

Over activity of the immune system causing disease

A

Inappropriate activation (autoimmunity and allergy)
Failure to switch off (chronic inflammatory diseases)

20
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

Adaptive targets self antigens leading to inflammation and tissue destruction of body’s tissues

21
Q

Examples of autoimmune diseases

A

Multiple sclerosis
Type 1 diabetes

22
Q

Polymorphisms and mutations in genes encoding components of innate immune systems link to disease

A

Failure of pattern recognition
Failure of early complement

23
Q

Failure of pattern recognition

A

NOD2 receptor defects lead to susceptibility to Crohns diseases

24
Q

Failure of early complement

A

Linked to systemic lupus erythrematosus and glomerulonephritis

25
Q

Immune mediated inflammatory diseases IMID

A

tissues are chronically inflamed
The immune system damaged cells and Biomolecules

26
Q

Example of IMID

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

27
Q

Allergy

A

IgE antibodies are made against harmless antigens and then trigger acute response on re-exposure

28
Q

Acute allergic reaction process

A

Allergen specific IgE is pre-bound to FceR1 receptor on mast cells
Circulating allergen binds IgE causing receptor cross linking and mast cell degranulation

29
Q

Symptoms of acute allergic reaction

A

Wheezing
Urticaria
Sneezing
Rhinorrhea
Conjunctivitis

30
Q

Chronic allergic reaction

A

Recruitment and activation of allergen specific T cells and other cells by mast cell derived mediators

31
Q

Causes of systemic low grade inflammation

A

Physical inactivity
Chronic infections
Obesity
Dysbiosis
Diet
Isolation and chronic stress
Disturbed sleep
Xenobiotics

32
Q

Consequences of low grade inflammation

A

Metabolic syndrome,type 2 diabetes and NAFLD
cardiovascular disease
Cancer
Depression
Auto-immune diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases
Sarcopenia and osteoporosis
Immunosenescence

33
Q

Diagnosing in lab

A

Look for antibodies in blood serum

34
Q

Antibodies against self

A

Autoimmunity

35
Q

CD4 T cell count dropped below threshold

A

AIDS

36
Q

Flow cytometry

A

Tag cells with fluorescent ly labelled antibodies and measure how many of each type there are
Whether they are functional based on their cytokine and surface marker profiles

37
Q

Neutralising monoclonal antibody against COVID-19

A

Sotrovimab
Neutralises spike protein on SARS CoV 2 and blocks entry into host cells
For prevention and treatment of infection

38
Q

Manipulating cytokines
INF alpha and hepatitis C

A

Interferons stimulate immune cells and turn on anti-viral mechanisms im infected cells
For Hep C treatment, synthetic IFN alpha is typically given in combination with anti-viral ribavirin

39
Q

Manipulating cytokines
TNF alpha and rheumatoid arthritis

A

TNF alpha is key coordinator of inflammation
Blockade of TNF alpha signalling has revolutionised treatment of RA
blockade of TNF alpha is used for other diseases, IBD

40
Q

What is given to some hospitalised covid patients

A

IL-6 inhibitor Tocilizumab

41
Q

Manipulating antigen presentation to treat autoimmunity

A

Modification of dendritic cells and re-administration to patients to induce tolerance to self antigen

Medicine Unit 3 (28 decks)

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